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Questions and Answers
A researcher is studying a cell under a microscope and observes a distinct nucleus and several membrane-bound organelles. Which of the following classifications BEST describes this cell?
A researcher is studying a cell under a microscope and observes a distinct nucleus and several membrane-bound organelles. Which of the following classifications BEST describes this cell?
- Eukaryotic (correct)
- Archaeal
- Prokaryotic
- Bacterial
If a cell were unable to perform exocytosis, what would be the MOST likely consequence for the cell?
If a cell were unable to perform exocytosis, what would be the MOST likely consequence for the cell?
- The cell would be unable to transport proteins into the nucleus.
- The cell would be unable to release proteins or waste products to the exterior. (correct)
- The cell would be unable to perform photosynthesis.
- The cell would be unable to synthesize ATP.
A certain liver cell is heavily involved in detoxification. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be found in abundance in this cell?
A certain liver cell is heavily involved in detoxification. Which of the following organelles would you expect to be found in abundance in this cell?
- Lysosomes
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (correct)
A scientist observes that a cell membrane is highly permeable to water but only slightly permeable to sodium ions. Which of the following BEST explains this observation?
A scientist observes that a cell membrane is highly permeable to water but only slightly permeable to sodium ions. Which of the following BEST explains this observation?
Cells in a freshwater environment tend to gain water due to osmosis. Which modification to the cell membrane would BEST protect the cell from lysis?
Cells in a freshwater environment tend to gain water due to osmosis. Which modification to the cell membrane would BEST protect the cell from lysis?
A cell must import a large molecule against its concentration gradient. Which transport mechanism is MOST appropriate and efficient for this task?
A cell must import a large molecule against its concentration gradient. Which transport mechanism is MOST appropriate and efficient for this task?
During protein synthesis, a mutation occurs that prevents the ribosome from correctly reading the mRNA sequence. At which step would protein synthesis be halted?
During protein synthesis, a mutation occurs that prevents the ribosome from correctly reading the mRNA sequence. At which step would protein synthesis be halted?
You are studying a newly discovered organism and find that it synthesizes proteins using a slightly different genetic code than other known organisms. While the central dogma (DNA -> RNA -> Protein) still applies, which cellular component likely differs MOST significantly in this organism compared to others?
You are studying a newly discovered organism and find that it synthesizes proteins using a slightly different genetic code than other known organisms. While the central dogma (DNA -> RNA -> Protein) still applies, which cellular component likely differs MOST significantly in this organism compared to others?
Flashcards
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Nucleus
Nucleus
The organelle that stores genetic material (DNA) and is the site of transcription.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
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Cholesterol (in cell membranes)
Cholesterol (in cell membranes)
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
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Study Notes
- Key concepts related to cellular ultrastructure, cell membranes, membrane transport, and the central dogma of molecular biology
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus, are simple in structure, and include bacteria and archaea
- Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and are more complex
Cell Organelles & Functions
- Nucleus stores genetic material(DNA) and is the site of transcription
- Rough ER facilitates protein synthesis
- Smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification
- Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins
- Mitochondria generate ATP and serve as the powerhouse of the cell
- Cholorplasts conduct photosynthesis in plants
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and facilitate the breakdown of waste
- Cytoskeleton provides structural support and enables movement
- Centrioles function in cell division and microtubule organization
Cell Membranes
- Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
- Integral membrane proteins are involved in transport and cell signaling
- Peripheral membrane proteins attach to the surface and participate in enzyme activity
- Cholesterol maintains membrane fluidity
- Selective permeability restricts which substances can cross the membrane
Membrane Transport
- Passive transport does not require ATP
- Diffusion is movement from high to low concentration
- Osmosis is water diffusion across a membrane
- Facilitated diffusion involves transport proteins that aid movement
- Active transport requires ATP
- Primary active transform directly uses ATP, like the Na+/K+ pump
- Secondary active transport uses ion gradients, like the sodium-glucose transporter
- Hypotonic solutions cause water to enter cells, potentially leading to lysis
- Hypertonic solutions cause water to exit cells, leading to crenation
- Isotonic solutions result in no net water movement
- Endocytosis involves the cell engulfing substances through phagocytosis or pinocytosis
- Exocytosis involves vesicles releasing contents outside of the cell
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- DNA leads to RNA leads to Protein
- During transcription, DNA converts to mRNA in the nucleus
- During translation, mRNA converts to protein in the ribosomes
- Ribosomes are the sits of protein syntheis
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