Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the protective outer layer of a cell called?
What is the protective outer layer of a cell called?
Where are proteins made in a cell?
Where are proteins made in a cell?
Ribosomes
_______ are vesicles that have digestive enzymes inside them and break down unnecessary things in the cell.
_______ are vesicles that have digestive enzymes inside them and break down unnecessary things in the cell.
Lysosomes
The DNA of a cell is found in the nucleus.
The DNA of a cell is found in the nucleus.
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Match the organelle with its function:
Match the organelle with its function:
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List three organelles present in a plant cell but not in an animal cell.
List three organelles present in a plant cell but not in an animal cell.
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What is a key structural difference between plant and animal cells?
What is a key structural difference between plant and animal cells?
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Plant cells are typically rectangular or cubic in shape.
Plant cells are typically rectangular or cubic in shape.
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Animal cells are typically _____ or irregular in shape.
Animal cells are typically _____ or irregular in shape.
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Organelles
- Plasma membrane is a semi-permeable outer layer that controls what enters and leaves the cell
- Cytoplasm is a watery medium that contains all the working parts of the cell, including organelles
Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
- Ribosomes are small grains found in the cytoplasm where proteins are made
- Ribosomes work together with rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) to make new proteins and membranes
Nucleus and DNA
- Nucleus contains DNA, which holds all genetic information
- DNA is found on chromosomes in the nucleus, with 23 pairs (46 total) in each cell
- Nuclear membrane surrounds the nucleus and controls what goes in and out
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER is a series of folded membrane pathways with ribosomes that make new proteins and membranes
- Smooth ER has no ribosomes and forms transport vesicles to move things around the cell
Golgi Apparatus and Transport
- Golgi apparatus is made up of saccules that package materials for transport around the cell or for export
- Golgi apparatus packages hormones and other substances for transport
Lysosomes and Cellular Digestion
- Lysosomes are vesicles with digestive enzymes that break down unwanted materials and kill invading bacteria
Vacuoles and Storage
- Vacuoles are large, membranous sacs for storing materials
- Vesicles are smaller, membranous sacs for storage and transport
Mitochondria and Energy Production
- Mitochondria have a double membrane with cristae, which increase surface area for energy production
- Mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes, and can reproduce by division
- Mitochondria break down sugars to make ATP, which is used by the cell as energy
Structure of Plant and Animal Cells
- Plant cells have a cell wall, whereas animal cells do not.
- Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, nucleus, rough ER, nucleolus, vacuole, cytoplasm, and mitochondria.
- Plant cells have additional organelles such as chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, and Golgi vesicles.
- Animal cells have additional organelles such as centrioles and lysosomes.
Size and Shape
- Plant cells are typically 10-100 micrometers in length and rectangular or cubic in shape.
- Animal cells are typically 10-30 micrometers in length and round or irregular in shape.
Organelles
- Cell wall: found in plant cells, not in animal cells.
- Chloroplast: found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
- Lysosome: found in animal cells, involved in cellular digestion.
- Centrioles: found in animal cells, involved in cell division.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell structure, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nucleus, and how they function together.
