Cell Structure and Organelles

• In 1665, Robert Hooke was the first to study cells.
• All organisms consist of one or more cells.
• The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
• All cells originate from pre-existing cells.

Cell Structure

• Eukaryotic cells contain unique parts called organelles.
• Organelles perform specialized functions vital for life.
• Plant and animal cells have some differences in their organelles.
• Organelles manage energy, store proteins and carbohydrates, eliminate waste, transport substances, acquire nutrients, and reproduce.

Organelles

• The cell membrane separates the cell's interior from its external environment.
• The cell membrane regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell.
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that supports organelles and contains vital materials.
• Mitochondria provide fuel for the cell by releasing energy from glucose.
• Ribosomes produce proteins and are found floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
• The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-covered channels that deliver nutrients within the cell.
• Vesicles store or deliver nutrients across the cell membrane.
• The Golgi Body sorts and packages proteins and molecules for transport out of the cell.
• The nucleus controls all cell activities and is enclosed by the nuclear membrane; its center is called the nucleolus.
• Vacuoles store water and nutrients and facilitate storage or transportation within the cell.
• The cytoskeleton consists of filaments and tubules that provide a framework for the cell.
• Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest nutrients.
• The cell wall is a tough structure outside the plant cell membrane protecting it from bursting.
• Chloroplasts trap solar energy to produce glucose through photosynthesis.

Animal Cells

• Typically round in shape.
• Do not have a cell wall.
• Do not contain chloroplasts.
• Contain lysosomes.
• Have many small vacuoles.

Plant Cells

• Typically square in shape.
• Have a cell wall.
• Contain chloroplasts.
• Do not contain lysosomes.
• Have one large vacuole.