Cell Structure and Organelles

Plasma Membrane: A semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and leaves.
Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place.
Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing most of the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport.
Ribosomes: Small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes: Membrane-bound sacs containing digestive enzymes, responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances.
Golgi Apparatus: A complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging.

Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a cell, including energy production, synthesis, and degradation.
Protein Synthesis: The process by which cells create proteins, involving transcription, translation, and post-translational modification.
Cell Division: The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells, including mitosis and cytokinesis.
Cell Signaling: The communication between cells, involving the transmission and reception of signals through signaling pathways.

Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active Transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input, such as carrier proteins and pumps.

Interphase: The longest stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
Mitosis: The process of nuclear division, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material.
Cytokinesis: The process of cytoplasmic division, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Centrioles: Small, cylindrical organelles involved in the formation of cilia, flagella, and the spindle fibers during cell division.
Chloroplasts: Organelles found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis and producing glucose.
Vacuoles: Membrane-bound sacs that store water, salts, and other substances, and help maintain cellular turgor pressure.
Peroxisomes: Small organelles involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids.

Plasma membrane is semi-permeable, regulating what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where metabolic processes occur.
Nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material (DNA) and is the control center.
Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, folding, and transport.
Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances.
Golgi Apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules involved in protein modification, sorting, and packaging.

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a cell, including energy production, synthesis, and degradation.
Protein synthesis involves transcription, translation, and post-translational modification.
Cell division involves the process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells, including mitosis and cytokinesis.
Cell signaling involves the communication between cells, transmitting and receiving signals through signaling pathways.

Passive transport occurs without energy input, moving molecules from high to low concentration, including diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
Active transport requires energy input, moving molecules against their concentration gradient, involving carrier proteins and pumps.

Interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for cell division.
Mitosis is the process of nuclear division, resulting in two daughter cells with identical genetic material.
Cytokinesis is the process of cytoplasmic division, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Centrioles are involved in the formation of cilia, flagella, and the spindle fibers during cell division.
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis and producing glucose.
Vacuoles store water, salts, and other substances, helping maintain cellular turgor pressure.
Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids.

Study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties, reactions, and synthesis

A specific group of atoms within a molecule that determines its chemical properties
Examples of functional groups:
- Alkyl (R-): a hydrocarbon chain
- Alkenyl (R'-): a hydrocarbon chain with one or more double bonds
- Alkynyl (R''): a hydrocarbon chain with one or more triple bonds
- Hydroxyl (OH): a hydroxyl group
- Carboxyl (COOH): a carboxylic acid group
- Amino (NH2): an amino group

Alkanes: saturated hydrocarbons with only single bonds
Alkenes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more double bonds
Alkynes: unsaturated hydrocarbons with one or more triple bonds
Aromatic compounds: planar, ring-shaped molecules with delocalized electrons
Heterocyclic compounds: ring-shaped molecules with atoms other than carbon

Substitution reactions: a functional group replaces another functional group
Elimination reactions: a functional group is removed, resulting in a new bond
Addition reactions: a functional group is added to a molecule
Oxidation-reduction reactions: a reaction involving the transfer of electrons

Synthesis: the creation of a complex molecule from simpler molecules
Methods of synthesis:
- Chemical reactions (e.g., substitution, elimination)
- Biochemical reactions (e.g., fermentation)
- Enzyme-catalyzed reactions