Cell Structure and Organelles

Cell Structure

• Plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its environment
• Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
• Cytosol: liquid component of cytoplasm where many metabolic reactions take place
• Organelles: specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions
  • Nucleus: contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Mitochondria: generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): involved in protein synthesis and transport
  • Golgi apparatus: modifies and packages proteins for transport
  • Lysosomes: contains digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste
  • Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis

Cellular Processes

• Cellular respiration: process of generating energy for the cell through the breakdown of glucose
  • Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose in cytoplasm
  • Citric acid cycle: breakdown of glucose in mitochondria
  • Oxidative phosphorylation: generation of ATP in mitochondria
• Photosynthesis: process of generating energy for the cell through the conversion of light energy
• Protein synthesis: process of creating proteins through the translation of mRNA
• Cell signaling: process of communicating between cells through signaling pathways

Cell Division

• Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
  • Interphase: preparation phase before mitosis
  • Prophase: condensation of chromosomes and breakdown of nuclear envelope
  • Metaphase: alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell
  • Anaphase: separation of chromosomes
  • Telophase: reconstruction of nuclear envelope
• Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
  • Meiosis I: reduction of chromosome number
  • Meiosis II: separation of chromosomes

Cell Transport

• Passive transport: movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input
  • Diffusion: random movement of molecules
  • Osmosis: movement of water molecules
• Active transport: movement of molecules from low to high concentration with energy input
  • Carrier proteins: transport molecules across the plasma membrane
  • Pumps: transport molecules against their concentration gradient

Cell Structure

• Plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer that separates the cell from its environment.
• Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur.
• Cytosol is the liquid component of cytoplasm where many metabolic reactions take place.
• Organelles are specialized structures within the cell that perform specific functions.

Organelles

• Nucleus contains genetic material (DNA).
• Mitochondria generates energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and transport.
• Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for transport.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down and recycle cellular waste.
• Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

Cellular Processes

• Cellular respiration is the process of generating energy for the cell through the breakdown of glucose.

Cellular Respiration

• Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm.
• Citric acid cycle is the breakdown of glucose in the mitochondria.
• Oxidative phosphorylation is the generation of ATP in the mitochondria.

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis is the process of generating energy for the cell through the conversion of light energy.

Protein Synthesis

• Protein synthesis is the process of creating proteins through the translation of mRNA.

Cell Signaling

• Cell signaling is the process of communicating between cells through signaling pathways.

Cell Division

• Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Mitosis

• Interphase is the preparation phase before mitosis.
• Prophase is the condensation of chromosomes and breakdown of the nuclear envelope.
• Metaphase is the alignment of chromosomes at the center of the cell.
• Anaphase is the separation of chromosomes.
• Telophase is the reconstruction of the nuclear envelope.

Meiosis

• Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Meiosis

• Meiosis I is the reduction of chromosome number.
• Meiosis II is the separation of chromosomes.

Cell Transport

• Passive transport is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy input.

Passive Transport

• Diffusion is the random movement of molecules.
• Osmosis is the movement of water molecules.

Active Transport

• Active transport is the movement of molecules from low to high concentration with energy input.
• Carrier proteins transport molecules across the plasma membrane.
• Pumps transport molecules against their concentration gradient.