Cell Structure and Organelles

Study Notes

Cell Structure

Plasma Membrane: semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and leaves
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place
Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Ribosomes: small organelles responsible for protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, transport, and storage
Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and break down foreign substances and cellular waste
Golgi Apparatus: complex of flattened sacs and tubules that process and modify proteins and lipids for secretion

Cell Types

Prokaryotic Cells: lack a true nucleus, found in bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic Cells: have a true nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists

Cell Functions

Metabolism: process of converting energy and nutrients into the components that make up living organisms
Growth and Development: process of increasing cell size and number
Response to Stimuli: ability of cells to respond to changes in their environment
Reproduction: process of creating new cells through cell division

Cell Division

Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, occurs in gamete formation

Cell Transport

Passive Transport: movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy
- Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Active Transport: movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy

Cell Structure

The plasma membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes take place.
The nucleus is the control center of the cell where DNA is stored.
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Ribosomes are small organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis, transport, and storage.
Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and break down foreign substances and cellular waste.
The Golgi Apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs and tubules that process and modify proteins and lipids for secretion.

Cell Types

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and are found in bacteria and archaea.
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Cell Functions

Metabolism is the process of converting energy and nutrients into the components that make up living organisms.
Growth and development involve increasing cell size and number.
Response to stimuli involves the ability of cells to respond to changes in their environment.
Reproduction involves the process of creating new cells through cell division.

Cell Division

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis is the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, occurring in gamete formation.

Cell Transport

Passive transport is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration without using energy.
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration using energy.

Description

Learn about the different parts of a cell, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum. Understand the functions of each organelle and how they work together.