Cell Structure and Organelles

Plasma membrane: semi-permeable membrane that surrounds the cell, regulating what enters and leaves
Cytoplasm: gel-like substance inside the cell where metabolic processes occur
Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): network of membranous tubules and sacs involved in protein synthesis and transport
Ribosomes: small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis
Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes, responsible for breaking down and recycling cellular waste

Metabolism: cells carry out chemical reactions to convert energy and nutrients into ATP and other essential molecules
Growth and development: cells divide and differentiate to form tissues and organs
Response to stimuli: cells respond to changes in their environment, such as light, temperature, and touch
Waste management: cells recycle and remove waste products through lysosomes and exocytosis
Reproduction: cells divide to produce new cells, ensuring the continuation of life

Prokaryotic cells: lack a true nucleus, found in bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic cells: have a true nucleus, found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Stem cells: undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types
Specialized cells: cells that have unique structures and functions, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and blood cells

Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, occurring in reproductive cells
Cytokinesis: process of cell division that separates the cytoplasm and forms new cells

Passive transport: movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without using energy
- Diffusion: movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
- Osmosis: movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Active transport: movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, using energy

Plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell, making it semi-permeable.
Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance where metabolic processes occur.
Nucleus is the control center where DNA is stored.
Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and sacs involved in protein synthesis and transport.
Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm, responsible for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste.

Metabolism involves chemical reactions to convert energy and nutrients into ATP and other essential molecules.
Cells divide and differentiate to form tissues and organs during growth and development.
Cells respond to changes in their environment, such as light, temperature, and touch, through response to stimuli.
Waste management involves recycling and removing waste products through lysosomes and exocytosis.
Reproduction involves cells dividing to produce new cells, ensuring the continuation of life.

Prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus and are found in bacteria and archaea.
Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into various cell types.
Specialized cells have unique structures and functions, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and blood cells.

Mitosis results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
Meiosis results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, occurring in reproductive cells.
Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm and forms new cells.

Passive transport involves movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.
- Diffusion is the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
- Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from high to low concentration.
Active transport involves movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy.