Cell Structure and Functions

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Questions and Answers

Which structure is unique to plant cells and not found in animal cells?

Ribosomes

Chloroplasts (correct)

Mitochondria

Nucleus

What is the primary function of ribosomes in both plant and animal cells?

Photosynthesis

Energy production

Protein synthesis (correct)

Storage of genetic material

What is the main component of the cell wall in plant cells?

Peptidoglycan

Cellulose (correct)

Protein

Chitin

Which of the following best describes the vacuole in plant cells?

Stores nutrients and waste Signup and view all the answers

How do bacterial cells differ from plant and animal cells in terms of genetic material?

Bacterial cells have circular DNA Signup and view all the answers

What role does the mitochondria play in both plant and animal cells?

Respiration Signup and view all the answers

Which structure regulates what enters and exits the cell?

Cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the shape of plant cells compared to animal cells?

Plant cells have a more regular shape Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nutrients present in the cytoplasm of egg cells?

To assist in the growth of the embryo Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the cell membrane after fertilization of the egg cell?

It changes to prevent further sperm penetration Signup and view all the answers

If the image size of a specimen is 72 mm and the magnification is x 300, what is the actual size in mm?

0.24 mm Signup and view all the answers

How many micrometres are in 3 mm?

3000 µm Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of haploidy in egg cells?

To maintain the correct chromosome number after fertilization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines a tissue?

A group of similar cells performing a unique function Signup and view all the answers

If an image of a cell is measured at 45 mm under x 100 magnification, what is the actual size in µm?

450 µm Signup and view all the answers

Which level of organization is composed of different types of tissues working together?

Organ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ciliated cells in the trachea?

Move mucus and particles upwards Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cells contains plasmids?

Bacterial cells Signup and view all the answers

How are palisade mesophyll cells adapted for photosynthesis?

They contain lots of chlorophyll and are closely packed Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation allows red blood cells to efficiently carry oxygen?

Biconcave shape Signup and view all the answers

What unique feature do sperm cells possess to enhance their mobility?

A tail for swimming Signup and view all the answers

What role do dendrites play in nerve cells?

To receive signals from other neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about egg cells is correct?

They are involved in reproduction Signup and view all the answers

What feature is essential for root hair cells to maximize nutrient uptake?

A large surface area Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure

Animal cells and plant cells share some structures like nuclei, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, and cell membranes.
Plant cells differ by having cell walls, vacuoles, and chloroplasts.
Plant cells are typically larger and have more regular shapes than animal cells.

Cell Structure Functions

Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance within the cell where reactions occur; contains ribosomes and vesicles.
Cell membrane: A thin membrane that controls the entry and exit of substances.
Nucleus: Contains DNA, which codes for proteins; where DNA replication occurs.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
Mitochondria: Sites of respiration, providing energy for the cell.
Vacuole (plants only): A fluid-filled sac containing mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, waste, and pigments to attract pollinators.
Chloroplasts (plants only): Sites of photosynthesis, converting light energy into glucose.
Cell wall (plants only): Provides structure and prevents bursting; made of cellulose.

Bacterial Cells

Bacterial cells have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes.
Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, different from plant cell walls.
Bacterial cells lack a nucleus, with a circular DNA loop instead.
They also lack mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Bacterial cells contain plasmids, which are small rings of DNA.

Specialized Cells

Ciliated cells: Line the trachea, have hair-like projections (cilia) to move mucus, dust and bacteria upwards.
Root hair cells: Adapted for a large surface area, speeding up osmosis and mineral ion uptake in plants.
Palisade mesophyll cells: Tall and closely packed, absorbing light efficiently for photosynthesis.
Neurons: Rapidly transmit electrical impulses; myelinated for insulation; many mitochondria for energy; branched dendrites.
Red blood cells: Contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen; have a biconcave shape to increase surface area for faster diffusion; lack a nucleus.

Gametes

Sperm cells: Contain numerous mitochondria for energy, a tail for movement, and digestive enzymes to penetrate the egg cell membrane. They have half the chromosomes of normal cells.
Egg cells: Contain nutrients for embryo growth; prevent further sperm entry after fertilization; contain half the chromosomes of normal cells.

Levels of Organization

Cell: Basic building block of life.
Tissue: A group of similar cells working together.
Organ: A group of tissues working together.
Organ system: A group of organs working together.

Size of Specimens

Use the formula: Actual size = Image size / Magnification
Measure image size in millimeters.
Convert to micrometers by multiplying by 1000 (1 mm = 1000 μm).

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Description

Explore the key components of animal and plant cells in this quiz. Learn about the similarities and differences in their structures, as well as the specific functions of each cellular component. Test your knowledge on essential terms and functions related to cell biology.