Questions and Answers
What is the role of the cell membrane?
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
A layer of phospholipids where hydrophilic heads face outwards and hydrophobic tails are protected.
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins that attach to the cell membrane and act as receptors, enzymes, or anchors.
What are transmembrane proteins?
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What are carbohydrate tags?
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What are attached ribosomes?
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What is the function of free ribosomes?
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What is the nucleus?
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What is chromatin?
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What are histones?
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What is the nucleolus?
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What is the nuclear envelope?
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What are nuclear pores?
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What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What is lipid synthesis?
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What are mitochondria?
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What is the endosymbiotic theory?
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What are animal vacuoles?
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What is the central vacuole?
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What is the golgi apparatus?
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What are centrioles?
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What are chloroplasts?
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What is photosynthesis?
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What is diffusion?
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What is osmosis?
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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What is the cell wall?
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What is cellulose?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Functions
- Cell Membrane: Regulates substances entering and exiting the cell and catalyzes reactions.
- Phospholipid Bilayer: Composed of hydrophilic heads facing outward that protect hydrophobic tails, forming a barrier.
- Peripheral Proteins: Attached to the membrane; function as receptors, enzymes, or structural anchors.
- Transmembrane Proteins: Span the membrane, facilitating the passage of specific substances into and out of the cell.
Cellular Identification
- Carbohydrate Tags: Serve as receptors indicating the intended destination of molecules.
- Attached Ribosomes: Located on rough endoplasmic reticulum, these ribosomes synthesize proteins for export to other cells.
- Free Ribosomes: Float in the cytoplasm, producing proteins necessary for the cell's internal functions.
Genetic Material and Nucleus
- Nucleus: The control center containing genetic material crucial for cell function.
- Chromatin: DNA strands complexed with proteins, forming the genetic material within the nucleus.
- Histones: Proteins around which DNA coils, playing a role in packaging chromatin.
- Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes and RNA, found within the nucleus.
- Nuclear Envelope: Double membrane providing protection to the nucleus.
- Nuclear Pores: Allow selective exchange of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Organelles and Their Functions
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Modifies and transports proteins synthesized by attached ribosomes.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies substances, and processes cholesterol and steroids.
- Mitochondria: Convert food energy into ATP, essential for cellular processes.
- Endosymbiotic Theory: Proposes that mitochondria originated from free-living prokaryotes engulfed by eukaryotic cells.
- Animal Vacuoles: Serve as storage for food, waste, and water in animal cells.
- Central Vacuole: A large storage organelle in plant cells for water, food, and waste, providing turgor pressure for structural support.
Golgi Apparatus and Special Organelles
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins using carbohydrate tags for transport.
- Centrioles: Unique to animal cells, assist in cell division by organizing microtubules.
- Chloroplasts: Present in plant cells, capture sunlight to produce energy-rich food via photosynthesis.
Processes and Transportation
- Photosynthesis: Conversion of solar energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose by chloroplasts.
- Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is achieved.
- Osmosis: Specific type of diffusion involving water across a semipermeable membrane.
- Facilitated Diffusion: Transport of large or charged molecules through specific proteins embedded in the membrane.
Structural Components
- Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support and facilitates transport within the cell, made up of microtubules.
- Cell Wall: A rigid outer layer exclusive to plant cells, offering support and protection for organelles.
- Cellulose: A polysaccharide forming the primary component of the plant cell wall, providing strength and rigidity.
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Test your knowledge on cell structure and functions with this quiz. Explore topics like the cell membrane, ribosomes, and the nucleus. Perfect for students learning about cellular biology and genetics.