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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?
Which component is NOT part of the plasma membrane structure?
Which component is NOT part of the plasma membrane structure?
What is the composition of cytosol primarily made of?
What is the composition of cytosol primarily made of?
What role does the nucleus play in the cell?
What role does the nucleus play in the cell?
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Which of the following statements about integral proteins is correct?
Which of the following statements about integral proteins is correct?
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What discovery is attributed to Robert Brown in 1833?
What discovery is attributed to Robert Brown in 1833?
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Which function is NOT associated with the cytoplasm?
Which function is NOT associated with the cytoplasm?
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How does cholesterol contribute to the plasma membrane?
How does cholesterol contribute to the plasma membrane?
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What is the primary component of the cytoskeleton?
What is the primary component of the cytoskeleton?
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Which of the following best describes peripheral proteins?
Which of the following best describes peripheral proteins?
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What is the primary function of lysosomes in the cell?
What is the primary function of lysosomes in the cell?
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Which process do lysosomes employ to clean up cellular waste?
Which process do lysosomes employ to clean up cellular waste?
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What role do peroxisomes play in a cell?
What role do peroxisomes play in a cell?
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What distinguishes the Golgi apparatus from other organelles?
What distinguishes the Golgi apparatus from other organelles?
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How do centrioles function during cell division?
How do centrioles function during cell division?
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Which type of cell would contain the highest concentration of mitochondria?
Which type of cell would contain the highest concentration of mitochondria?
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In what shape are mitochondria typically found?
In what shape are mitochondria typically found?
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What happens during the process of phagocytosis?
What happens during the process of phagocytosis?
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What is the primary role of the centrosome in a cell?
What is the primary role of the centrosome in a cell?
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What are the 'suicide bags' of the cell referring to?
What are the 'suicide bags' of the cell referring to?
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What is the primary function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?
What is the primary function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?
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Which organelle is NOT part of the endomembrane system?
Which organelle is NOT part of the endomembrane system?
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What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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What role do vacuoles play within a cell?
What role do vacuoles play within a cell?
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Why is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum abundant in liver cells?
Why is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum abundant in liver cells?
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How does the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to the function of ribosomes?
How does the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to the function of ribosomes?
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What type of proteins does the rough endoplasmic reticulum primarily produce?
What type of proteins does the rough endoplasmic reticulum primarily produce?
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Which part of the endomembrane system is mainly responsible for modifying and packaging proteins and lipids?
Which part of the endomembrane system is mainly responsible for modifying and packaging proteins and lipids?
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What is the primary structural feature of the endoplasmic reticulum?
What is the primary structural feature of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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What type of environment do vacuoles and lysosomes thrive in?
What type of environment do vacuoles and lysosomes thrive in?
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What is the primary function of the mitochondria's inner membrane?
What is the primary function of the mitochondria's inner membrane?
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Which structure is not found within the chloroplast stroma?
Which structure is not found within the chloroplast stroma?
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What is the role of the outer membrane of the mitochondria?
What is the role of the outer membrane of the mitochondria?
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What is found in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?
What is found in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?
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What process occurs in the chloroplasts?
What process occurs in the chloroplasts?
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How is energy released from ATP?
How is energy released from ATP?
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Which of the following is true about the chloroplast's inner membrane?
Which of the following is true about the chloroplast's inner membrane?
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What function does the thylakoid system serve in chloroplasts?
What function does the thylakoid system serve in chloroplasts?
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What is the approximate thickness of the intermembrane space in chloroplasts?
What is the approximate thickness of the intermembrane space in chloroplasts?
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Which component is responsible for transporting molecules in and out of the mitochondria?
Which component is responsible for transporting molecules in and out of the mitochondria?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Functions
- Cells are the basic units of life
- Cells have different structures and functions
- Cells have major parts
- Each part has unique functions
Major Parts of the Cell
- Plasma Membrane: Outer covering that separates a cell's interior from its surroundings.
- Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell, containing other cellular components.
- Nucleus: Serves as the cell's control center, directing all its activities.
Plasma Membrane Details
- Encloses and protects organelles
- Protects from harm from foreign materials
- Made up of phospholipids forming a bilayer, cholesterol, proteins
- Controls the exchange of essential components
- Obtains chemical messages from other cells.
Components of Plasma Membrane
- Phospholipids: Lipids composed of glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphate-linked head groups.
- Cholesterol: A lipid with four fused carbon rings, located in the membrane's core.
- Proteins: Help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition. Peripheral proteins are attached on the surface; integral proteins are embedded completely through the membrane.
Cytoplasm Details
- Entire region of a cell between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope.
- Mainly water, proteins, and salts.
- Organelles are suspended within the cytosol, a gel-like solution within cytoplasm.
- Cytosol makes up about 70% of cellular content and contains both organic and inorganic compounds.
- Contains enzymes that break down waste and enable metabolic reactions.
- Allows for cellular expansion and growth.
- Together with the cytoskeleton, determines cell shape.
- Accommodates movement for some cell types.
Nucleus Details
- Discovered by Robert Brown in 1833.
- Most vital part of the cell, dubbed the "control center.”
- Directs all cell activities, determining the cell's appearance and function.
- Enclosed by a double layer of nuclear membrane to keep it distinct from other cellular components.
- Nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis.
- Contains chromosomes with tightly-wrapped and coiled DNA.
Endomembrane System
- Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells, working together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
- Organelles are commonly linked by structure.
- Examples include endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and centrosomes.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Collection of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules
- Modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
- Rough ER has ribosomes; smooth ER does not
- Rough ER makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of the cell
- Smooth ER incorporates proteins into cisternae, transports proteins across cytoplasm, synthesizes fatty acids and phospholipids, and detoxifies hydrophobic chemicals.
Ribosomes
- Involved in protein synthesis.
- Present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
- Abundant in developing muscle cells, skin, and hair.
Vacuoles
- Fluid-filled vesicles enclosed by a membrane.
- Has a selectively permeable membrane that allows water passage while retaining smaller molecules.
- Stores chemicals in the cell.
- Ability to break down large molecules makes it comparable to lysosomes in animal cells.
Lysosomes
- Serve as digestion slots for cellular materials that are due for expiration or are no longer useful.
- The cell's reprocessing area, breaking down foreign substances to recycle raw materials.
- Dubbed “suicide bags” capable of self-destruction to save other organelles from being poisoned.
- Involved in autophagy, the natural process of organelle destruction
- Also involved in phagocytosis, where cells take in food, and digesting food and wastes (example: macrophages digest bacteria)
Peroxisomes
- Small, round organelles enclosed by a single membrane, resembling lysosomes
- Responsible for self-damage and breaking down fatty acids, detoxifying many poisons
- Shields cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) molecules
Golgi Apparatus
- Stacks of flattened sacs called cisternae.
- Have a shipping (cis face) and receiving (trans face) side.
- Receive proteins from the ER.
- Packages and modifies those proteins for cells. Proteins package into vesicles to be transported out of the cell.
Centrosome
- Composed of two centrioles or cylindrical structures with a central cavity.
- Surrounded by microtubules arranged side by side.
- Part of the assembly of spindle fibers at cell division and contributes to the successful outcome of mitosis.
- Found in all eukaryotic cells; assist in arranging microtubules (hollow proteins) for cell division
- Enable said microtubules to form part of the cell's cytoskeleton, maintaining shape and stabilizing cell structure.
Mitochondria
- Oval-shaped organelles found in eukaryotic cells.
- Considered the “powerhouses” of the cell.
- Most plentiful in cells requiring significant amounts of energy (e.g., liver and muscle cells).
- Has two membranes:
- Outer membrane: Selectively permeable.
- Inner membrane: Folds inward (cristae) to increase surface area for cellular metabolism. Contains ribosomes and the mitochondria's DNA. Two enclosed spaces are formed: intermembrane space and matrix
- Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process using oxygen to generate ATP extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.
Chloroplast
- Double membrane-bound organelles found in plants and algae.
- Sites of photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy in organic compounds like sugars from carbon dioxide and water.
- Three membranes: outer, inner, and thylakoid system.
- Outer membrane is semi-porous.
- Intermembrane space is between the outer and inner membranes.
- Inner membrane regulates passage of substances, and fatty acids and other substances are synthesized within the membrane.
- Stroma: protein-rich, aqueous fluid inside the inner membrane outside the thylakoid space. It contains Chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, thylakoid systems, starch granules and other proteins.
- Thylakoid System: suspended within the stroma, collection of membranous sacs called thylakoids arranged in stacks called grana. Membranes are sites of light reactions of photosynthesis; chlorophyll is found in the thylakoid membranes.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Major energy currency of the cell in most energy-consuming activities.
- When a phosphate group of ATP is removed by hydrolysis, a substantial amount of free energy is released.
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Description
Explore the essential components and functionalities of cells in this quiz. Learn about the major parts, including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Each section addresses the unique roles these structures play in maintaining cellular health.
