Cell Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What constitutes the central tenet of cell theory?

All living organisms consist of cells.

What are the fundamental units of life?

Cells

True or false: Cells can spontaneously generate from non-living matter.

False (B)

What is a simple definition of a prokaryotic cell?

<p>Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is DNA located in prokaryotic cells?

<p>Nucleoid Region</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes called?

<p>Binary Fission</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

<p>Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells?

<p>Membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organisms are examples of prokaryotes?

<p>Bacteria and archaea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size range of prokaryotic cells?

<p>1-10 micrometers</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cellular feature determines efficiency of material exchange?

<p>Surface Area to Volume Ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do large cells maintain efficiency?

<p>Large cells develop organelles for efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure provides support for plant cells?

<p>Plant Cell Wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

<p>Chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vacuole store in plant cells?

<p>Stores water, nutrients, and waste in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes in animal cells?

<p>Digestive enzymes for waste breakdown in animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of centrioles in animal cells?

<p>Assist in cell division in animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the photosynthesis equation.

<p>6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Write the cellular respiration equation.

<p>C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two components make up the plasma membrane?

<p>Composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What property of the plasma membrane controls substance entry and exit?

<p>Selective Permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of diffusion.

<p>Movement from high to low concentration without energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the process of osmosis.

<p>Water movement across a semipermeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe a hypertonic solution and its effect on cells.

<p>Higher solute concentration; water moves out of cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe an isotonic solution and its effect on cells.

<p>Equal solute concentration; no net water movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>Transport via proteins without energy usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is active transport?

<p>Movement against concentration gradient requiring ATP.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the phase where a cell prepares for mitosis?

<p>Interphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the events during the G1 phase of interphase.

<p>Cell growth and normal metabolic activities occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during the S phase of interphase?

<p>DNA replication occurs, producing identical chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of mitosis?

<p>Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytokinesis?

<p>Division of cytoplasm resulting in two daughter cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Cell Theory?

<p>All living organisms consist of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Basic Unit of Life?

<p>Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do all cells originate from?

<p>All cells originate from existing cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Prokaryotic Cells?

<p>Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Nucleoid Region?

<p>Location of DNA in prokaryotic cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Binary Fission?

<p>Asexual reproduction method in prokaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Membrane-bound Organelles?

<p>Organelles enclosed by membranes in eukaryotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give Examples of Prokaryotes?

<p>Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical size of Prokaryotic Cells?

<p>1-10 micrometers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Surface Area to Volume Ratio determine?

<p>Determines efficiency of material exchange in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do Large cells develop Specialized Structures?

<p>Large cells develop organelles for efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Plant Cell Wall do?

<p>Provides structure and protection to plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Chloroplasts?

<p>Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Vacuole do?

<p>Stores water, nutrients, and waste in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Lysosomes?

<p>Digestive enzymes for waste breakdown in animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Centrioles do?

<p>Assist in cell division in animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Plasma Membrane Structure?

<p>Composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Selective Permeability?

<p>Controls entry and exit of substances in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Diffusion?

<p>Movement from high to low concentration without energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Osmosis?

<p>Water movement across a semipermeable membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Hypertonic Solution?

<p>Higher solute concentration; water moves out of cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Interphase?

<p>Phase where cell prepares for mitosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs during G1 Phase?

<p>Cell growth and normal metabolic activities occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Mitosis Stages?

<p>Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the cell theory state?

<p>All living organisms consist of cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the basic unit of life?

<p>Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the surface area to volume ratio determine in cells?

<p>Efficiency of material exchange in cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the plant cell wall?

<p>Provides structure and protection to plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of chloroplasts?

<p>Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vacuole in plant cells?

<p>Stores water, nutrients, and waste in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

<p>Digestive enzymes for waste breakdown in animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of centrioles?

<p>Assist in cell division in animal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

<p>Phospholipid bilayer and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in a hypertonic solution?

<p>Higher solute concentration; water moves out of cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens in an isotonic solution?

<p>Equal solute concentration; no net water movement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in S Phase?

<p>DNA replication occurs, producing identical chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Theory

All living organisms consist of cells.

Basic Unit of Life

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of life.

Pre-existing Cells

All cells originate from existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus.

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Nucleoid Region

Location of DNA in prokaryotic cells.

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Binary Fission

Asexual reproduction method in prokaryotes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells with a membrane-bound nucleus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Membrane-bound Organelles

Organelles enclosed by membranes in eukaryotes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Examples of Prokaryotes

Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic organisms.

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Cell Size

Prokaryotic cells are 1-10 micrometers.

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Eukaryotic Cell Size

Typically 10-100 micrometers in diameter.

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Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Determines efficiency of material exchange in cells.

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Specialized Structures

Large cells develop organelles for efficiency.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Plant Cell Wall

Provides structure and protection to plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis in plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vacuole

Stores water, nutrients, and waste in plant cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Lysosomes

Digestive enzymes for waste breakdown in animal cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Centrioles

Assist in cell division in animal cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photosynthesis Equation

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

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Cellular Respiration Equation

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.

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Plasma Membrane Structure

Composed of phospholipid bilayer and proteins.

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Selective Permeability

Controls entry and exit of substances in cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diffusion

Movement from high to low concentration without energy.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Osmosis

Water movement across a semipermeable membrane.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypertonic Solution

Higher solute concentration; water moves out of cell.

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Hypotonic Solution

Lower solute concentration; water moves into cell.

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Isotonic Solution

Equal solute concentration; no net water movement.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Transport via proteins without energy usage.

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Active Transport

Movement against concentration gradient requiring ATP.

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Interphase

Phase where cell prepares for mitosis.

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G1 Phase

Cell growth and normal metabolic activities occur.

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S Phase

DNA replication occurs, producing identical chromosomes.

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Mitosis Stages

Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cytokinesis

Division of cytoplasm resulting in two daughter cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

  • All living organisms are composed of cells.
  • Cells constitute the basic unit of life.
  • Cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Prokaryotic Cells

  • These cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
  • The nucleoid region contains the DNA in prokaryotic cells.
  • Binary fission is the asexual reproduction method used by prokaryotes.
  • Bacteria and archaea are examples of prokaryotic organisms.
  • Prokaryotic cells range from 1-10 micrometers in size.

Eukaryotic Cells

  • These cells possess a membrane-bound nucleus.
  • Membrane-bound organelles are present.
  • Eukaryotic cell size typically ranges from 10-100 micrometers in diameter.

Cell Size Considerations

  • The surface area to volume ratio impacts the efficiency of material exchange in cells.
  • Large cells evolve specialized organelles in order to maintain efficiency.

Plant Cell Structures

  • Plant cells have a cell wall which provides structure and protection.
  • Chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis.
  • Vacuoles store water, nutrients, and waste.

Animal Cell Structures

  • Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down waste.
  • Centrioles aid in cell division.

Photosynthesis

  • Uses the equation 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

Cellular Respiration

  • Uses the equation C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP.

Plasma Membrane

  • It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins.
  • Selective permeability regulates the entry and exit of substances.

Transport Mechanisms

  • Diffusion is the movement from high to low concentration without energy.
  • Osmosis refers to water movement across a semipermeable membrane.
  • A hypertonic solution has a higher solute concentration which causes water to move out of the cell.
  • A hypotonic solution has a lower solute concentration which causes water to move into the cell.
  • An isotonic solution has an equal solute concentration which results in no net water movement.
  • Facilitated diffusion involves transport via proteins without energy usage.
  • Active transport involves movement against the concentration gradient, requiring ATP.

Cell Cycle and Division

  • Interphase is the phase where a cell prepares for mitosis.
  • During the G1 phase, cell growth and normal metabolic activities occur.
  • During the S phase, DNA replication occurs, which produces identical chromosomes.
  • Mitosis stages include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
  • Cytokinesis is the division of cytoplasm which results in two daughter cells.

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