Cell Structure and Function Quizzes

<p>Organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain multiple chromosomes within a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fluid mosaic model with lipid and protein components</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They influence cellular communication and osmotic balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ribosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear lamina</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of organs affected</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Break down macromolecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hexosaminidase A</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deficiency of peroxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis of new membrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cherry-red spot on the retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal recessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neurodegeneration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glycosaminoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesis and processing of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestion of pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth ER</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acidic (pH ~5)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cell may undergo apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein modification and sorting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is near the endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They become unphosphorylated and are released from the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It packages proteins for secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improper protein folding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defective physical growth and intellectual disabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing energy for the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesizing ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphatidylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integral Membrane Proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small nonpolar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating cell-cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is inherited from both parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms cristae, increasing surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is caused by a mutation in the nuclear lamina gene, affecting nuclear envelope structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphoinositides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the mitochondria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Flippases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integral proteins are permanently associated with the membrane, while peripheral proteins are transiently associated with the membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear lamina = Provides structural support to the nucleus and is associated with diseases like progeria Mitochondria = Site of ATP production and contains its own DNA Lysosomes = Responsible for degradation of cellular waste and involved in various storage diseases Peroxisomes = Involved in the breakdown of very long chain fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids = Form the lipid bilayer structure of the membrane Cholesterol = Regulates membrane fluidity and permeability Integral membrane proteins = Span the lipid bilayer and facilitate transport or signaling Glycolipids = Function in cell recognition and signaling on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein synthesis = Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Protein folding = Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Protein sorting and modification = Golgi Apparatus Protein degradation = Lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progeria = Nuclear lamina Tay-Sachs disease = Lysosomes I-cell disease = Golgi Appararus and Lysosomes Adrenoleukodystrophy = Peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective permeability = Allows only certain molecules to pass through the membrane Amphipathic = Having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions, such as in phospholipids Transmembrane protein = A protein that spans the entire lipid bilayer Flippases = Enzymes that move phospholipids between leaflets of the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleoid = Region in prokaryotes containing DNA Cell wall = Provides structure and protection in prokaryotes Flagellum = Used for movement in some prokaryotic cells Peptidoglycan = Major component of the bacterial cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-lactams = Inhibits cell wall synthesis by preventing peptidoglycan synthesis Penicillin = A specific type of β-lactam that disrupts bacterial cell wall formation Glycopeptide antibiotics = Includes Vancomycin, which prevents peptidoglycan synthesis Vancomycin = A specific glycopeptide antibiotic that inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells = Basic structural and functional unit of tissues Tissues = Groups of specialized cells performing a specific function Organs = Comprised of various types of tissues working together Multicellular organisms = Complex entities made up of cells, tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prokaryotes = Organisms lacking membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus Eukaryotes = Organisms with membrane-bound organelles and a nucleus Cytoplasm = The gel-like substance within the cell where DNA is located in prokaryotes Nucleus = A membrane enclosed compartment housing the DNA in Eukaryotes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Movement = Facilitated by the flagellum in some prokaryotic cells Protection = The cell wall provides structural integrity of a cell Synthesis = The peptidoglycan layer is the target of some antibiotics Structure = Peptidoglycan provides a mesh-like component of the cell wall</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) = Initial synthesis and folding of proteins, including signal sequence cleavage Golgi Apparatus = Modification, packaging, and sorting of proteins Ribosomes on the ER = Synthesis of membrane-associated and secretory proteins Lysosomes = Degradation of unneeded proteins and damaged organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ER Lumen = Protein folding and synthesis of secretory proteins ER Membrane = Synthesis of membrane-associated proteins Golgi Cis Face = Receiving transport vesicles containing new proteins Golgi Trans Face = Releasing secretory vesicles towards the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cis face = Receives transport vesicles from the ER Trans face = Releases secretory vesicles Medial region = Modification of proteins All regions = Phosphorylation and sorting of proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein misfolding = Can trigger apoptosis Secretory protein synthesis = Occurs in the ER lumen I-cell disease = Lysosomal enzymes are released from the cell GlcNac-1-phosphotransferase deficiency = Prevents phosphorylation of lysosomal enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Defective protein folding = Activation of cellular stress response and potential apoptosis Signal sequence in nascent protein = Targeting of ribosome-mRNA complex to the ER Unphosphorylated lysosomal enzymes = Mis-targeting and secretion outside the cell Accumulation of undigested substances in lysosomes = Disruption of lysosomal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNac)-1-phosphotransferase = Golgi apparatus Membrane associated proteins = ER Membrane Secretory proteins = ER Lumen Lysosomal enzymes = Lysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protein folding = Protein accumulation and cellular stress Lysosomal enzyme phosphorylation = Un-targeted enzymes and I-cell disease Secretory protein synthesis = Impaired export of proteins Protein sorting = Improper compartment localization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal sequence = Directs ribosome to the ER Cis face of Golgi = Receives transport vesicles Trans face of Golgi = Releases secretory vesicles Phosphorylation of enzymes = Process in Golgi for lysosomal targeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipids = Most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane, amphipathic nature Glycolipids = Lipid with a sugar molecule attached, found on the outer leaflet Cholesterol = Fills spaces between phospholipids, important for membrane rigidity Sphingosine = Backbone molecule of glycolipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integral proteins = Permanently associated with the membrane, includes transmembrane proteins Lipid-anchored proteins = Covalently bound to lipid molecules, indirectly associated with the membrane Peripheral proteins = Associated with the membrane through attachment to integral proteins Transmembrane proteins = Span both layers of the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear Pores = Control the transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus Inner Mitochondrial Membrane = Location of the machinery for oxidative phosphorylation Outer leaflet of the plasma membrane = Layer facing the extracellular environment Nucleolus = Site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein synthesis within the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrophilic head of phospholipid = Faces the aqueous environment inside or outside the cell Hydrophobic tail of phospholipid = Forms the interior of the lipid bilayer Glycolipids = Plays a role in cell recognition on the outer leaflet Cholesterol = Contributes to membrane fluidity and reduces permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria = Primary site for ATP production through oxidative phosphorylation Nucleus = Storage of genetic information and control center of the cell Lysosomes = Degradation of cellular waste and foreign material Endoplasmic Reticulum = Site for the synthesis of new membranes and protein folding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lamin A mutation = Leads to premature aging in Progeria due to improper nuclear lamina structure Mitochondrial DNA mutation = Often results in neuromuscular diseases due to impaired energy production Lysosomal dysfunction = Causes accumulation of undigested material in cells Peroxisomal dysfunction = Results in the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phosphatidylethanolamine = One of the major phospholipids in the plasma membrane Phosphatidylserine = One of the major phospholipids in the plasma membrane Phosphatidylcholine = One of the main phospholipids of animal cell membranes Phosphoinositides = Less abundant but critical for cell signaling and vesicle targeting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromatin = Found within the nucleus, where DNA is stored. Cristae = Formed by infoldings of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Matrix = Space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondrion Cytoplasm = Region of the cell outside the nucleus but within the plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amphipathic = Possesses both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions Selectively permeable = Allows some substances to pass through but not others Lateral diffusion = Movement of phospholipid molecules within the same monolayer Electrochemical gradient = Differences in ion concentrations setting up gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebrosides = Muscle and nerve cell membranes Gangliosides = Nerve cell membranes Phospholipids = Found in all plasma membranes Cholesterol = Embedded in all animal cell plasma membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fission = Mechanism of self replication of mitochondria mtDNA (mDNA) = Small circular DNA that is present in the mitochondria Non-Mendelian inheritance = Mitochondrial genetic material inheritance from the mother only Homologous recombination = Process absent in mitochondrial DNA from lack of paternal contribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transporters = Movement of molecules across plasma membranes Receptors = Receive extracellular signals for cell comunications Anchors = Connect the cell membrane to the extracellular environment Enzymes = Mediate biological processes, for example signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipid bilayer = Forms the basic structure of the cell membrane Cholesterol = Increases the rigidity of the cell membrane Integral proteins = Mediate transport and signaling across the cell membrane Glycolipids = Contribute to cell recognition on the cell's outer surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Small nonpolar molecules = Easily diffuse across the membrane Small uncharged polar molecules = Pass through the membrane with some difficulty Large uncharged polar molecules = Require transport proteins to cross the membrane Ions = Impermeable to the lipid bilayer and need specific channels/transporters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes = Degradation of macromolecules and worn-out organelles Peroxisomes = Breakdown of very long chain fatty acids and detoxification of certain substances Rough ER = Quality control for newly synthesized secretory proteins Autophagy = Self eating of cellular components</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tay-Sachs disease = Deficiency in hexosaminidase A (Hex A) Hurler syndrome = Defect in α-L-iduronidase Zellweger syndrome = Mutations in peroxins (impaired peroxisome formation) Mitochondrial disorders = Defects in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tay-Sachs disease = Accumulation of ganglioside in neurons Hurler syndrome = Accumulation of undigested glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in lysosomes Zellweger syndrome = Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids Mitochondrial disease = Impairments in cellular energy production (ATP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxisomes = Catalyze the first reactions in plasmalogen formation Smooth ER = Major site of synthesis of new membrane in the cell Rough ER = Site of synthesis for secretory proteins Lysosome = Degradation of gangliosides and glycosaminoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth ER = Stores intracellular calcium Sarcoplasmic Reticulum = Storage compartment for calcium needed for muscle contractions Mitochondria = Regulate calcium levels for metabolic processes Plasma membrane = Calcium influx and efflux regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tay-Sachs disease = Cherry-red spot on the retina Hurler syndrome = Presence of nondegraded GAGs in the urine Zellweger syndrome = Elevated very long chain fatty acid levels in the blood Mitochondrial disease = Increase in lactate and pyruvate in the blood/CSF</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes = Pathogen degradation in phagocytic cells Peroxisomes = Breakdown of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) into water and oxygen Smooth ER = Synthesis of membrane lipids Nucleus = DNA replication and Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomes = Small (&lt; 0.5µm) Peroxisomes = Similar size to lysosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum = Membrane bound interconnected network Mitochondria = Larger than peroxisomes and lysosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomal Storage Diseases (LSDs) = Autosomal recessive Peroxisomal biogenesis disorders = Autosomal recessive Mitochondrial disorders = Maternally inherited (mtDNA) Progeria = Autosomal dominant</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peroxins = Involved in formation of peroxisomes Catalase = Converts $H_2O_2$ to water and oxygen Hydrolases = Digestive enzymes in lysosomes Hexosaminidase A (Hex A) = Breaks down ganglioside</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutant mtDNA = Leads to mitochondrial dysfunction Very long chain fatty acids = Accumulates in peroxisomal disorders Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) = Accumulates in Hurler syndrome Ganglioside = Accumulates in Tay- Sachs Disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rough ER = Site of synthesis for secretory proteins Smooth ER = Quality control of newly synthesized proteins Lysosome = Protein degradation Proteasome = Degradation of misfolded proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosome = Acidic environment (pH ~5) Peroxisome = Contained environment for oxidative reactions Cytosol = Aqueous environment inside the cell Mitochondria = Double membrane creating separate compartments</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sarcoplasmic Reticulum = Found in muscle cells Peroxisomes = Abundant in liver and kidney cells Lysosomes = Found in all cells Mitochondria = Found in all cells (eukaryotic)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lysosomal Storage Diseases = Results in an increase in mass of the affected tissue (except in brain) Tay Sachs Disease = Death within the first few years of life Zellweger syndrome = Usually fatal within the first year of life Mitochondrial disease = Progressive neurological issues</p> Signup and view all the answers