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Questions and Answers
What is the smallest unit of a living organism?
What is the smallest unit of a living organism?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for carrying oxygen in the body?
Which of the following cell types is responsible for carrying oxygen in the body?
What do several cells of one type working together form?
What do several cells of one type working together form?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between organs and organ systems?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between organs and organ systems?
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What role do epithelial cells play in the body?
What role do epithelial cells play in the body?
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Which of the following statements correctly represents a characteristic shared by all cells?
Which of the following statements correctly represents a characteristic shared by all cells?
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In multicellular organisms, what is formed when several tissues combine?
In multicellular organisms, what is formed when several tissues combine?
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Which microscopy technique provides a detailed surface view of smaller structures such as bacterial cells?
Which microscopy technique provides a detailed surface view of smaller structures such as bacterial cells?
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What is the maximum magnification typically achieved by light microscopes used in undergraduate college laboratories?
What is the maximum magnification typically achieved by light microscopes used in undergraduate college laboratories?
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What two parameters are crucial in microscopy that affect how specimens are viewed?
What two parameters are crucial in microscopy that affect how specimens are viewed?
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When oil immersion lenses are used, what is the typical magnification achieved for studying smaller cells?
When oil immersion lenses are used, what is the typical magnification achieved for studying smaller cells?
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Why must a specimen be thin or translucent when viewed using light microscopy?
Why must a specimen be thin or translucent when viewed using light microscopy?
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What is the typical magnification range of dissecting microscopes?
What is the typical magnification range of dissecting microscopes?
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What is a significant advantage of using dissecting microscopes compared to light microscopes?
What is a significant advantage of using dissecting microscopes compared to light microscopes?
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What feature differentiates modern dissecting microscopes from other types of microscopes?
What feature differentiates modern dissecting microscopes from other types of microscopes?
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How does the light typically illuminate a sample under a dissecting microscope?
How does the light typically illuminate a sample under a dissecting microscope?
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What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?
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Which structure is responsible for sorting, packaging, and tagging lipids and proteins?
Which structure is responsible for sorting, packaging, and tagging lipids and proteins?
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What happens to proteins as they travel through the Golgi apparatus?
What happens to proteins as they travel through the Golgi apparatus?
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What is the main distinguishing feature of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
What is the main distinguishing feature of prokaryotic cells compared to eukaryotic cells?
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?
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What component of prokaryotic cells serves as the site for protein synthesis?
What component of prokaryotic cells serves as the site for protein synthesis?
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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in all of the following functions except:
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in all of the following functions except:
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Which of the following structures is NOT typically found in prokaryotic cells?
Which of the following structures is NOT typically found in prokaryotic cells?
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Which component of the plasma membrane helps increase its surface area in specialized cells?
Which component of the plasma membrane helps increase its surface area in specialized cells?
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What is located at the receiving face of the Golgi apparatus?
What is located at the receiving face of the Golgi apparatus?
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What role does the capsule of some prokaryotic cells play?
What role does the capsule of some prokaryotic cells play?
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What is the consequence of proteins being tagged with small molecular groups as they exit the Golgi?
What is the consequence of proteins being tagged with small molecular groups as they exit the Golgi?
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What is the composition of a phospholipid?
What is the composition of a phospholipid?
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Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is correct?
Which of the following statements about eukaryotic cells is correct?
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What would likely happen to individuals with celiac disease when they consume gluten?
What would likely happen to individuals with celiac disease when they consume gluten?
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What role do vesicles play in the transport of proteins from the RER?
What role do vesicles play in the transport of proteins from the RER?
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What proportion of water does the cytoplasm primarily consist of?
What proportion of water does the cytoplasm primarily consist of?
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Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is true?
Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is true?
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In prokaryotic cells, where is the DNA located?
In prokaryotic cells, where is the DNA located?
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Which type of organic molecules can be found within the cytoplasm?
Which type of organic molecules can be found within the cytoplasm?
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What component serves as an extra layer of protection in bacteria?
What component serves as an extra layer of protection in bacteria?
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What is the consistency of the cytoplasm and what contributes to it?
What is the consistency of the cytoplasm and what contributes to it?
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Which of the following best describes the term 'form follows function' as it relates to cells?
Which of the following best describes the term 'form follows function' as it relates to cells?
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Which of the following statements about the functions of the plasma membrane is FALSE?
Which of the following statements about the functions of the plasma membrane is FALSE?
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Who coined the term 'cell' as observed in cork tissue?
Who coined the term 'cell' as observed in cork tissue?
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Which organisms are classified as prokaryotes?
Which organisms are classified as prokaryotes?
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What does the unified cell theory state?
What does the unified cell theory state?
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What is the meaning of the prefix 'pro-' in prokaryote?
What is the meaning of the prefix 'pro-' in prokaryote?
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What type of microscope did Anton van Leeuwenhoek primarily use?
What type of microscope did Anton van Leeuwenhoek primarily use?
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In the context of cell theory, what does the statement 'all new cells arise from existing cells' imply?
In the context of cell theory, what does the statement 'all new cells arise from existing cells' imply?
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What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure and Function
- Cells are the basic building blocks of organisms.
- Cells are specialized for specific purposes in the body.
- All cells share fundamental characteristics, despite diversity.
How Cells Are Studied
- Cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye, requiring microscopes.
- Light microscopes use visible light to magnify.
- Light microscopes magnify up to 400 times.
- Light microscopes allow observation of living organisms.
- Staining enhances visualization but often kills cells.
- Electron microscopes use electron beams.
- Electron microscopes offer higher magnification and resolution.
- Electron microscopes allow visualization of internal cell structure, but require a vacuum, so living samples cannot be viewed.
Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic cells: bacteria and archaea, have no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotic cells: animal, plant, fungal and protists, have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Prokaryotic cells are significantly smaller.
- Size difference is related to volume and surface area.
Eukaryotic Cells - Basic Components
- Plasma membrane: external boundary of a cell
- Cytoplasm: internal environment
- DNA: genetic material
- Ribosomes: make proteins.
Components of Prokaryotic Cells
- Cell wall: protective layer of peptidoglycan
- Capsule: polysaccharide coating
- Flagella: movement structures
- Pili (or fimbriae): structures for attachment or exchange of genetic material.
Eukaryotic Cells - Specialized Features
- Nucleus: houses genetic material
- Chromatin: DNA and proteins
- Nucleolus: ribosome assembly
- Cytoskeleton: network of protein fibers (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules)
- Lysosomes: digestive enzymes
- Mitochondria: cellular respiration (energy production)
- Ribosomes: protein synthesis
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): smooth ER (lipid synthesis, detoxification), rough ER (protein synthesis).
- Golgi apparatus: processing, packaging and transport of proteins
- Vacuoles: storage (plant cells).
Cell Theory
- All living things are composed of one or more cells.
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
- The cell is the fundamental unit of life.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell structure and function, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explore how cells are studied using various types of microscopes and enhance your understanding of these fundamental biological units.
