Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cells: Basic units of life.
- Prokaryotic: No nucleus, simple structure (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotic: Nucleus and organelles (e.g., plants, animals).
Organelles:
- Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse, energy production (ATP).
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  - Rough ER: Protein synthesis (ribosomes).
  - Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
- Lysosomes: Digestive enzymes for waste breakdown.
- Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis in plant cells.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid): Genetic blueprint.
- Structure: Double helix made of nucleotides (A, T, C, G).
Genes: Segments of DNA that code for proteins.
Chromosomes: DNA packaged in structures (humans have 46).
Mendelian Genetics:
- Dominant and Recessive Traits: Traits expressed based on allele combinations.
- Punnett Squares: Tool to predict offspring traits.

Natural Selection: Mechanism of evolution.
- Variability among individuals.
- Competition for resources.
- Survival of the fittest leads to adaptation.
Speciation: Process by which new species arise.
- Geographic isolation.
- Reproductive isolation.

Ecosystems: Interactions between living organisms and their environment.
- Biotic Factors: Living components (plants, animals).
- Abiotic Factors: Non-living components (climate, soil).
Food Chains and Webs: Energy flow through ecosystems.
- Producers: Plants that make their own food through photosynthesis.
- Consumers: Organisms that eat other organisms.

Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together.
- Circulatory System: Transports blood and nutrients.
- Respiratory System: Gas exchange (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide).
- Nervous System: Controls and coordinates body activities.
Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes.

Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert sunlight into energy.
- Chemical equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Plant Structure:
- Roots: Absorption of nutrients and water.
- Stems: Support and transport of materials.
- Leaves: Main site of photosynthesis.

Bacteria: Prokaryotic microorganisms, vital for ecosystems and human health.
Viruses: Non-living infectious agents that require a host to replicate.
Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms, decomposers in ecosystems.

Genetic Engineering: Modification of organisms' genetic material.
- Applications: Medicine (insulin production), agriculture (GMOs).
CRISPR: Technology for precise genetic editing.

Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living things.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have a simpler structure, exemplified by bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells possess a nucleus and various organelles, found in plants and animals.
Organelles are specialized structures within cells with specific functions.
The nucleus houses the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria are responsible for energy production through ATP synthesis.
Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a crucial role in both protein synthesis and lipid synthesis.
- Rough ER is studded with ribosomes and participates in protein production.
- Smooth ER lacks ribosomes and is involved in lipid biosynthesis.
The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down cellular waste.
Chloroplasts are found in plant cells and are the sites of photosynthesis.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) acts as the genetic blueprint for all organisms.
DNA has a double helix structure composed of nucleotides (A, T, C, G).
Genes are specific segments of DNA that carry the code for producing proteins.
Chromosomes are organized structures made up of DNA, with humans having 46 chromosomes.
Mendelian genetics explains how traits are inherited based on allele combinations.
- Dominant traits are expressed even with one copy of the allele.
- Recessive traits require two copies of the allele for expression.
Punnett squares are tools used to predict the probabilities of offspring inheriting specific traits.

Natural selection is the driving force behind evolution.
Variability exists among individuals within a population.
Individuals compete for limited resources.
Those with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to adaptation.
Speciation is the process of new species arising from existing ones.
- Geographic isolation can lead to the separation of populations.
- Reproductive isolation prevents gene flow between populations, contributing to their divergence.

Ecosystems encompass the interactions between living organisms and their environment.
Biotic factors refer to the living components of an ecosystem, such as plants and animals.
Abiotic factors encompass non-living components, including climate, soil, and water.
Food chains and webs depict the flow of energy through ecosystems.
Producers, mainly plants, produce their own food through photosynthesis.
Consumers rely on eating other organisms for energy.

Organ systems are composed of groups of organs working together to perform specific functions.
The circulatory system transports blood and nutrients throughout the body.
The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide.
The nervous system controls and coordinates body activities.
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis is: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
Roots are responsible for absorbing nutrients and water from the soil.
Stems provide support for the plant and facilitate the transport of materials.
Leaves are the primary sites of photosynthesis.

Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms that play vital roles in ecosystems and human health.
Viruses are non-living infectious agents that require a host cell to replicate.
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that act as decomposers in ecosystems.

Genetic engineering involves the modification of an organism's genetic material.
Applications include medicine, such as insulin production, and agriculture, through the development of genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
CRISPR is a revolutionary technology that allows for precise genetic editing.