Cell Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of these organelles is responsible for capturing solar energy in plants?

  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi complex
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Chloroplasts (correct)

    • What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?

  • Transporting substances
  • Facilitating cell division
  • Storing nutrients
  • Translating DNA code to make proteins (correct)

    • What type of cell structure surrounds and protects the cell in organisms such as plants and fungi?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cell wall (correct)

    • Which process leads to the production of two identical daughter cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi complex in a cell?

    <p>Packaging and modifying proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components of the cell is selectively permeable?

    <p>Plasma membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which structure is DNA stored in complex cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What molecule is produced when glucose is broken down in the mitochondria?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory explains how organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce?

    <p>Theory of Natural Selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of comparative anatomy?

    <p>Examining similarities in physical structures among organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following levels is the most specific in the classification hierarchy?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of relationship is described by mutualism?

    <p>Both organisms benefit from the interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of organisms is classified as decomposers?

    <p>Fungi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of autotrophs in an ecosystem?

    <p>To produce energy through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the theory of common descent?

    <p>All living organisms can be traced back to a single common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification kingdom includes complex cells found in aquatic environments?

    <p>Protista</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do trophic levels in a food chain describe?

    <p>The hierarchy of energy flow among organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of heterotrophs consumes living organisms for energy?

    <p>Predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level in the ecological hierarchy includes both biotic and abiotic components?

    <p>Ecosystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does adaptation differ from natural selection?

    <p>Adaptation is the outcome of natural selection, not a process in itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of consumer is known for eating both plants and animals?

    <p>Omnivore</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the combination of two sex cells during fertilization?

    <p>A zygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue type is responsible for movement in the body?

    <p>Muscle tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between passive and active transport in cells?

    <p>Active transport requires energy, while passive does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a solution is classified as hypertonic?

    <p>The concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than inside.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which glucose is broken down for energy in the presence of oxygen?

    <p>Cellular respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many copies of each gene does an organism inherit?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes a phenotype?

    <p>The physical trait expressed by an organism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to alleles that are both expressed equally in a heterozygous individual?

    <p>Codominant alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of connective tissue in the body?

    <p>Connecting and supporting other tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during osmosis?

    <p>Water moves through the membrane based on solute concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is part of the skeletal system?

    <p>Femur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of epithelial tissue?

    <p>Protect, absorb, and secrete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what organelle does aerobic respiration primarily occur?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of filtration in cells?

    <p>Movement of substances through pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following biomes is characterized by high biodiversity and a warm, humid climate?

    <p>Tropical rainforest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary ecological problem caused by the release of greenhouse gases?

    <p>Climate change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pollution is primarily responsible for harming aquatic life?

    <p>Water pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biome receives less than 25 centimeters of rainfall annually?

    <p>Desert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one consequence of biodiversity loss on human health?

    <p>Reduced natural disease control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the immune system is essential for fighting infections?

    <p>Antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of microscope is capable of magnifying images up to 10,000,000 times?

    <p>Electron microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    By what mechanism do bacteria develop antibiotic resistance?

    <p>Genetic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the total of all life on Earth along with the abiotic systems supporting it?

    <p>Biosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of white blood cells?

    <p>Fight infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which biome typically has trees that lose their leaves seasonally?

    <p>Deciduous forest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is essential for conducting a controlled experiment?

    <p>Minimizing the number of variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common source of air pollution?

    <p>Agricultural runoff</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nursing profession in relation to ecological problems?

    <p>To advocate for sustainable practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of segregation in meiosis?

    <p>Chromosomes separate randomly across different gametes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of messenger RNA (mRNA) in protein synthesis?

    <p>To carry instructions from DNA to ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of the chloroplast in plant cells?

    <p>To conduct photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sex-linked traits differ in their inheritance between males and females?

    <p>They are dependent on the sex chromosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of biogeography in understanding evolution?

    <p>It studies the distribution of species in relation to geographic barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the flowering plant is responsible for producing pollen?

    <p>Anther</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the building blocks of DNA called?

    <p>Nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of protein synthesis is RNA synthesized from DNA?

    <p>Transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

    <p>To absorb solar energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of inheritance, which of the following is true about linked genes?

    <p>They tend to be inherited together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the ovary play in angiosperm reproduction?

    <p>It houses the ovules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a multicellular autotroph?

    <p>An organism that can produce its own food through photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process in cell division ensures that each new cell receives a complete copy of DNA?

    <p>Replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding fossil records?

    <p>They provide evidence of life's changes over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells are the basic units of life, varying in complexity.
    • All cells contain: cytoplasm (internal fluid); DNA (instructions for proteins); ribosomes (protein synthesis); and a plasma membrane (selective barrier).
    • The plasma membrane's semipermeability controls what enters and leaves the cell.
    • Space between cells contains interstitial fluid.
    • Organelles are cell structures performing specific cellular functions.

    Organelles

    • Chloroplasts and mitochondria are organelles involved in energy acquisition.
    • Chloroplasts are found in plants and carry out photosynthesis.
    • Mitochondria break down glucose to release energy as ATP.
    • Plants, bacteria, and fungi have a cell wall for support and protection.
    • Vacuoles store water, food, or waste.
    • Lysosomes break down waste.

    Nucleus

    • Complex cells contain nuclei, which store DNA.
    • DNA's code creates proteins for various cellular functions.
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) surrounds the nucleus, aiding protein synthesis.
    • Proteins are modified and packaged by the Golgi complex for use inside or outside cells.

    Cell Division

    • Cells divide for growth, repair, and reproduction.
    • Each new cell needs a complete copy of the parent cell's DNA.
    • Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells from one parent cell.
    • DNA condenses into chromosomes during preparation for mitosis.
    • Chromosomes separate, ensuring each daughter cell has a copy.
    • Meiosis creates sex cells with half the parent cell's DNA.

    Organization Levels

    • Single-celled organisms carry out all life functions.
    • Multicellular organisms have specialized cells organized into tissues, organs, and organ systems.

    Tissues

    • Tissues are groups of cells with similar functions.
    • Four main tissue types: muscle (contraction), nervous (neurons), connective (support), and epithelial (protection, absorption, secretion).

    Organs

    • Organs are groups of tissues working together for a specific function.
    • Examples include the heart, stomach, brain, uterus, and femur.

    Organ Systems

    • Organ systems are networks of organs performing a larger function.
    • Examples: circulatory (nutrients, waste), skeletal (support, movement), and muscular.

    Organism

    • Organ systems combine to form the organism, an individual living entity.

    Cell Functions

    • Cell membrane regulates material passage into and out of cells.

    Methods of Transport

    • Passive transport (no energy): diffusion and osmosis.
    • Active transport (requiring energy): moving substances against their concentration gradient.

    Passive Transport

    • Diffusion: movement of substances from high to low concentration.
    • Osmosis: the diffusion of water. - Isotonic: equal solute concentration inside/outside the cell; no net movement of water. - Hypertonic: higher solute concentration outside the cell; water moves out of the cell. - Hypotonic: lower solute concentration outside the cell; water moves into the cell..

    Cellular Respiration

    • Aerobic respiration: glucose breakdown using oxygen.
      • Products: Water and carbon dioxide.
    • Anaerobic respiration: happens without oxygen; less efficient, and produces lactic acid.

    Genetics

    • Genes are sections of DNA coding for traits; Alleles are different forms of a gene.
    • Genotype describes the genes present; phenotype describes expressed traits.

    Dominance and Codominance

    • Dominant alleles require only one copy to be expressed; recessive alleles need two copies.
    • Codominant alleles are both expressed equally in heterozygous individuals.

    Segregation and Independent Assortment

    • Segregation: each individual can only pass down one copy of each gene to offspring;
    • Independent assortment: traits from different chromosomes separate into gametes independently; traits from close chromosomes separate together more often.

    DNA

    • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a double helix containing inheritance instructions.
    • DNA nucleotides consist of phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and four nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.

    RNA

    • Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is involved in protein synthesis
      • Transcription: mRNA copies a gene sequence from DNA.
      • Translation: mRNA code is used by tRNA to create amino acid chains forming proteins.

    Plants and Photosynthesis

    • Plants (angiosperms) are multicellular, autotrophic, and usually have seeds encased in fruit.
    • Photosynthesis: Plants use solar energy to make food (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water.
      • Chlorophyll absorbs the solar energy.
    • Pollination: Angiosperms rely on pollinators like insects or birds.

    Evolution

    • Evolution: Life on Earth has changed throughout its history.
      • Fossil record, biogeography, comparative embryology, comparative anatomy, molecular biology provide evidence.

    Natural Selection

    • Natural selection: Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
    • Adaptations: favorable traits increasing survival.

    Common Descent

    • Common descent: all living species share a single common ancestor.

    Classification of Organisms

    • Taxonomy: classifying organisms based on characteristics.

      • Six Kingdoms: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

    • Classification levels: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species.

    Ecology

    • Ecology studies interactions of organisms and their environment.
    • Food chains and food webs depict energy flow and relationships.
    • Trophic levels: the positions of organisms in a food chain (producers, primary consumers, etc.).
    • Symbiosis: close relationships between species.

    Biosphere and Ecosystems

    • Ecosystem: biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components.
    • Biome: large ecosystem with similar climate/dominant plants (forests, deserts, tundra, grasslands).

    Ecological Problems

    • Pollution (Air, water, soil): harm to organisms and human health.
    • Climate change: rising temperatures, extreme weather, ecosystem disruption, human health impacts.
    • Biodiversity loss: habitat destruction leading to species extinction, ecosystem imbalance, and public health challenges (zoonotic diseases).

    Microbiology

    • Microbiology studies microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa.
    • Importance in nursing: infection prevention and control via understanding microorganisms and the immune response.
    • Importance in relation to aseptic techniques and sterilization in healthcare.

    Laboratory Procedures

    • Scientific experimentation: controlled experiments, variables (independent, dependent, constants), data collection.

    Microscopes

    • Light microscopes use light for magnification, up to about 1500x for living specimens.
    • Electron microscopes use high-energy particles for magnification, enabling images of very small objects.

    Types of Data

    • Quantitative: numerical data.
    • Qualitative: descriptive data.
    • Continuous: numerical data within a range.
    • Discrete: numerical data with specific values.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the essential components of cell structure and function. This quiz covers the role of organelles, the nucleus, and the plasma membrane in cellular processes. Explore how different cells contribute to life's complexity and energy acquisition.

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