Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cell Structure and Function

• Eukaryotic cells: complex three-dimensional structures containing carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, and organelles like a nucleus (containing DNA and RNA).
• Somatic cells: form body tissues.
• Gametes: involved in reproduction.
• Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA, composed of a sugar molecule, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
• DNA bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), and cytosine (C). A pairs with T, G pairs with C during replication.

Proteins and Enzymes

• Enzymes: specialized proteins that control chemical reactions.
• Hemoglobin: a protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen.
• Hormones: substances that regulate cellular functions throughout the body.
• Amino acids: the building blocks of proteins.

RNA and Protein Synthesis

• Messenger RNA (mRNA): carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.
• Codons: three-base sequences on mRNA that code for specific amino acids.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA): brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

DNA and Genes

• Mutation: a change in DNA sequence.
• Gene: a sequence of DNA bases that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein.
• Genome: the complete genetic makeup of an individual or species.
• Noncoding DNA: DNA that doesn't directly code for proteins.
• Exons: transcribed segments of genes involved in protein synthesis.
• Introns: transcribed segments of genes that are removed.
• Regulatory genes: control the activity of other genes.
• Homeobox genes: ancient regulatory genes controlling body plan development and segmentation.
• Sickle-cell anemia: inherited disorder causing abnormal hemoglobin and red blood cell collapse.
• Point mutation: a change in a single DNA base.

Cell Division and Reproduction

• Chromosomes: structures of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus.
• Autosomes: non-sex chromosomes.
• Sex chromosomes: X and Y chromosomes in mammals.
• Locus: the specific location of a gene on a chromosome.
• Alleles: alternate forms of a gene.
• Karyotype: a display of an individual's chromosomes.
• Mitosis: simple cell division.
• Meiosis: cell division in reproductive cells (gametes).
• Recombination: exchange of genetic material during meiosis.
• Clones: genetically identical organisms.
• Random assortment: the random distribution of chromosomes during meiosis.

Molecular Biology Techniques

• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): a method to copy DNA segments.

Genomics

• Human Genome Project: an international effort to sequence and map the human genome.

Test your knowledge on cell structure, including eukaryotic cells, and the roles of proteins and enzymes in biological processes. This quiz covers essential topics like DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, providing a comprehensive overview of cellular biology.