Cell Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in aerobic conditions?

  • To synthesize new organic compounds from CO2 and H2O
  • To convert solar energy to chemical energy
  • To store energy in the form of glycogen
  • To produce ATP through the breakdown of carbohydrates and fats (correct)

    • Which organelle is responsible for photosynthesis?

  • Mitochondria
  • Chloroplasts (correct)
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum

    • What role does the DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts play?

  • It directs the synthesis of polypeptides in internal ribosomes (correct)
  • It regulates the overall function of the organelles
  • It assists in energy production processes
  • It replicates independently from the cell's nuclear DNA

    • What percentage of familial ALS (fALS) cases show mutations in the SOD1 gene?

    <p>Approximately 20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the respiratory chain is true?

    <p>It plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does actin play in amoeboid movement?

    <p>It contributes to the contraction of actin and myosin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the inner cytoplasm of a cell during cytoplasmic streaming?

    <p>It is a sol with actin subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes intermediate filaments?

    <p>They help support cell shape and fix organelles in place.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in animal cells?

    <p>To provide support and adhesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cytoplasmic streaming affect cellular processes?

    <p>It promotes the distribution of materials within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the gel-like cortex of the cytoplasm?

    <p>Actin network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are intermediate filaments considered more permanent fixtures of the cytoskeleton?

    <p>They provide shape and support consistently within the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process involves actin and myosin in the movement of organelles?

    <p>Cytoplasmic streaming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of catalase in cells?

    <p>To split hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic condition is associated with defective oxidation of very long chain fatty acids?

    <p>X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the cytoskeleton in cells?

    <p>To provide mechanical support and organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do motor proteins interact with the cytoskeleton?

    <p>By walking along microtubules or microfilaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in cells due to ALD?

    <p>Damage to the nervous system's myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cytoskeleton provides remarkable strength and resilience?

    <p>Intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organs primarily contain cells that degrade toxic molecules using catalase?

    <p>Liver and kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when the ALD gene is defective?

    <p>Inability to transport enzymes into peroxisomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in most animal cells?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of junctions prevents fluids from passing between cells?

    <p>Tight junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do integrins play in the cell?

    <p>They transmit signals between the ECM and cytoskeleton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of desmosomes?

    <p>They fasten cells into strong sheets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a cytokine storm during severe dengue virus infection?

    <p>Plasma leakage and hemorrhage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gap junctions primarily responsible for?

    <p>Allowing cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is collagen important in the extracellular matrix?

    <p>It is critical for cell growth and elasticity in tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of protein are integrins classified as?

    <p>Glycoproteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT classified as an organelle?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nuclear pore?

    <p>To regulate the entry and exit of proteins and RNAs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the plasma membrane mainly responsible for its selective permeability?

    <p>Phospholipid bilayer and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily responsible for energy production in eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cytoskeleton contribute to cellular functions?

    <p>By facilitating intracellular transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes?

    <p>To digest macromolecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do integrins play in cell function?

    <p>Facilitating cell adhesion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contribute to cellular functions?

    <p>It synthesizes lipids and proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is critical for the structure of the nuclear lamina?

    <p>Intermediate filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of peroxisomes in a cell?

    <p>They are involved in lipid metabolism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cellular junction forms a barrier to prevent leakage between cells?

    <p>Tight junction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular processes involve the cytoskeleton in terms of motility?

    <p>Cell division and muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Comparison between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells highlights differences in organization and complexity.
    • Organelles include:
      • Nucleus: Double membrane structure with pores regulating protein and RNA exchange.
      • Ribosomes: Non-membrane-bound structures involved in protein synthesis.
      • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis.
      • Golgi Apparatus: Processes and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
      • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion of macromolecules.
      • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, generating ATP through cellular respiration.
      • Chloroplasts: Sites of photosynthesis in plant cells, converting solar energy to chemical energy.

    Cytoskeleton

    • Composed of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
    • Provides mechanical support, shapes the cell, and anchors organelles.
    • Enables cellular motility and internal transport via motor proteins.
    • Amoeboid movement involves contractions of actin and myosin producing pseudopodia for locomotion.

    Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

    • Envelops animal cells, made of glycoproteins and macromolecules.
    • Functions in support, adhesion, movement, and gene regulation.
    • Integrins: Transmit signals between ECM and cytoskeleton, affecting cell behavior.
    • Collagen: Most abundant glycoprotein in ECM, important for strength and elasticity.

    Intercellular Junctions

    • Tight Junctions: Prevent fluid movement between cells, creating a barrier.
    • Desmosomes: Act like rivets, providing mechanical strength between adjacent cells.
    • Gap Junctions: Allow for communication and material exchange between neighboring cells.

    Mitochondrial Dysfunction

    • Related to diseases like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) where mitochondrial mutations affect cell function.
    • Deficiencies in oxidation of fatty acids can lead to human genetic diseases, impacting cellular energy production.

    Cytoplasmic Streaming

    • Movement within the cytoplasm facilitated by actin and myosin linking various organelles.
    • Enhances the distribution of materials throughout the cell.

    Key Terms

    • Anabolism: The process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
    • Catabolism: The breakdown of complex molecules into smaller units.
    • Lipid Bilayer: Fundamental structure of cell membranes composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

    Study Tools

    • Utilize diagrams to visualize cell structures and organelles.
    • Familiarize with the glossary for key biological terms and their meanings.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the various organelles and their functions. Understand the role of the cytoskeleton in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement. This quiz will assess your comprehension of fundamental cell biology concepts.

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