Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cell Structure and Function

• Cell Membrane: A selective barrier controlling substance passage.
• Nucleus: Houses DNA, directing cell activities.
• Ribosomes: Protein synthesis sites.
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  • Rough ER: Protein modification, studded with ribosomes.
  • Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis, chemical detoxification.
• Mitochondria: Powerhouses, producing ATP via aerobic respiration.
• Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for waste breakdown.
• Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/lipids.
• Centrioles: Organize microtubules in cell division.

Cell Division

• Mitosis: Creates two identical daughter cells for growth/repair.
• Meiosis: Produces gametes with a halved chromosome number for reproduction.

Tissue Types

• Epithelial Tissues: Protective linings of organs/cavities.
  • Types: Simple (cuboidal, columnar, squamous, ciliated) and compound (keratinised and non-keratinised).
• Connective Tissues: Support, structure, transport, insulation, varied types (e.g., blood, cartilage, bone, adipose).
• Muscle Tissues:
  • Striated (skeletal): Voluntary movement.
  • Non-striated (smooth): Involuntary movement.
  • Cardiac: Specialized, involuntary heart muscle.
• Nervous Tissue: Neurons (transmit impulses), neuroglia (support neurons).

Organ Structure and Function

• Heart: Pumps blood.
• Lungs: Facilitate gas exchange.
• Brain: Controls bodily functions/processes.
• Liver: Detoxification, metabolism, bile production.
• Kidneys: Filter blood to create urine.
• Skin: Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

Energy in the Body

• Energy Transformation: Conversion of chemical, heat, electrical, and mechanical energy.
• Metabolism:
  • Anabolism: Building molecules (energy-requiring).
  • Catabolism: Breaking down molecules (energy-releasing).
• Aerobic Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP (energy).
• Anaerobic Respiration: Glucose → Lactic acid + ATP (less efficient).
• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): Energy resting body needs to maintain function.

Human Genetics

• Genetic Inheritance: Dominant/recessive traits follow Mendelian principles.
• Disorders: Cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, sickle cell anemia, Huntington's disease.
• Prenatal Testing: Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling.

Homeostatic Mechanisms

• Definition: Maintaining a stable internal environment.
• Processes:
  • Temperature Control: Hypothalamus regulates shivering/sweating.
  • Blood Glucose Regulation: Insulin/glucagon maintain balance.
  • Water Balance: Kidneys regulate fluid levels.
• Homeostasis Failure: Hypothermia, dehydration.

Cardiovascular System

• Structure: Heart (chambers, valves), blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries).
• Function: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes.
• Disorders: Coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, anemia.

Respiratory System

• Structure: Nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
• Function: Ventilation/gas exchange (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out).
• Disorders: Asthma, COPD, pneumonia.

Skeletal System

• Structure: Axial and appendicular skeleton, bone types (long, short, flat, irregular).
• Function: Support, protection, movement, blood cell production.
• Disorders: Osteoporosis, fractures, rickets, arthritis.

Muscular System

• Structure: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
• Function: Movement, posture, heat generation.
• Disorders: Muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis.

Digestive System

• Structure: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas.
• Function: Breakdown, absorption, and elimination of food.
• Disorders: Peptic ulcers, Crohn's disease, celiac disease.

Nervous System

• Structure: Central nervous system (CNS), peripheral nervous system (PNS).
• Function: Signal transmission, action/response coordination.
• Disorders: Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy.

Endocrine System

• Glands: Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads.
• Function: Hormonal regulation of growth, metabolism, stress response.
• Disorders: Diabetes, hypothyroidism, Addison's disease.

Lymphatic and Immune Systems

• Structure: Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus.
• Function: Immune defense, fluid balance.
• Disorders: Hodgkin's lymphoma, immune deficiencies.

Renal System

• Structure: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
• Function: Waste excretion, water/electrolyte regulation.
• Disorders: Kidney stones, chronic kidney disease.

Reproductive System

• Structure (Female): Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina.
• Structure (Male): Testes, vas deferens, prostate, penis.
• Function: Gamete production, fertilization, embryonic development.
• Disorders: PCOS, infertility, prostate cancer.

Data Collection and Use in Medical Research

• Types of Studies: Clinical trials (randomized, placebo-controlled), epidemiological studies (disease patterns/causes).
• Data Analysis: Mortality/morbidity statistics.
• Applications: Evaluating treatments, informing health policies, improving patient outcomes.

Test your understanding of cell structure and function, including key organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Additionally, explore the processes of cell division, including mitosis and meiosis. This quiz is perfect for biology enthusiasts looking to reinforce their knowledge.