Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cell Structure and Function

• Cell Theory: All living organisms are composed of cells; cells are the basic unit of life; all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
• Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus; typically smaller; examples include bacteria and archaea.
• Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus; larger and more complex; includes plant, animal, fungal, and protist cells.
• Organelles:
  • Nucleus: Contains genetic material (DNA).
  • Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell; site of ATP production.
  • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough ER (with ribosomes) synthesizes proteins; Smooth ER synthesizes lipids.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes for waste processing.

Genetics

• DNA Structure: Double helix; made of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
• Gene: A segment of DNA that encodes a protein or functional RNA.
• Alleles: Different versions of a gene.
• Dominant and Recessive Traits: Dominant alleles mask the expression of recessive alleles.
• Mendelian Genetics: Principles of segregation and independent assortment.

Evolution

• Natural Selection: Process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce.
• Speciation: Formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
• Evidence for Evolution: Fossil records, comparative anatomy, molecular biology, and biogeography.

Ecology

• Ecosystems: Community of living organisms interacting with their environment.
• Biomes: Large ecological areas with similar climatic conditions, flora, and fauna (e.g., deserts, forests).
• Food Chains and Webs: Energy flow through trophic levels; producers (plants), consumers (herbivores, carnivores), and decomposers.
• Symbiotic Relationships: Include mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

Plant Biology

• Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using chlorophyll.
• Plant Structures:
  • Roots: Anchor plants and absorb water/nutrients.
  • Stems: Support and transport nutrients/water.
  • Leaves: Main site for photosynthesis.
• Reproduction: Involves flowers, fruits, and seeds; can be sexual (pollination) or asexual (cuttings, runners).

Animal Biology

• Animal Classification: Kingdom Animalia; divided into groups such as mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
• Body Systems:
  • Circulatory System: Transports nutrients and oxygen; includes heart and blood vessels.
  • Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange; includes lungs.
  • Nervous System: Coordinates body activities; includes brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• Reproductive Systems: Sexual (involves gametes) and asexual (budding, fragmentation).

Microbiology

• Bacteria: Single-celled organisms; can be beneficial (gut flora) or pathogenic (cause diseases).
• Viruses: Acellular entities that require a host to replicate; infect all types of organisms.
• Fungi: Eukaryotic organisms that decompose organic matter; can be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (molds).

Human Biology

• Homeostasis: Maintenance of stable internal conditions (temperature, pH, etc.).
• Immune System: Body's defense against pathogens; includes innate and adaptive immunity.
• Nutrient Metabolism: Breakdown of food into energy; involves carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Biochemistry

• Macromolecules:
  • Carbohydrates: Energy source; includes sugars and starches.
  • Proteins: Made of amino acids; perform various functions (enzymes, structural).
  • Lipids: Fats and oils; important for membrane structure and energy storage.
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA; genetic material and protein synthesis.

Biotechnology

• Genetic Engineering: Manipulation of an organism's DNA using biotechnology; includes CRISPR.
• Cloning: Creating a genetically identical copy of an organism.
• Bioremediation: Use of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments.

Qaab dhismeedka Unugyada iyo Hawlaha

• Aragtida Unugyada: Dhammaan noolayaasha waxay ka kooban yihiin unugyo; unugyadu waa unugga aas aasiga ah ee nolosha; dhammaan unugyadu waxay ka yimaadaan unugyo hore u jiray.
• Unugyo Prokaryotic: Ma laha nuclaysh; caadi ahaan waa kuwo yaryar; tusaalooyin waxaa ka mid ah bakteeriyada iyo archaea.
• Unugyo Eukaryotic: Waxay leeyihiin nuclaysh; way ballaaran yihiin oo ka adag yihiin; waxaa ka mid ah unugyada dhirta, xayawaanka, fangaska, iyo protist.
• Qaybaha Unugyada:
  • Nuclaysh: Ku jira maaddooyinka hidde-sidaha (DNA).
  • Mitochondria: Xarunta tamarta unugga; meesha lagu soo saaro ATP.
  • Ribosomes: Goobaha lagu sameeyo borotiinnada.
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum: Rough ER (oo leh ribosomes) waxay soo saartaa borotiinnada; Smooth ER waxay soo saartaa lipids.
  • Golgi Apparatus: Waxay wax ka bedeshaa, kala soocdaa, oo xirmaysa borotiinnada iyo lipids.
  • Lysosomes: Waxay ka kooban yihiin enzymes dheef-shiid kiimikaad ah oo loogu talagalay habaynta qashinka.

Hiddaha

• Qaab dhismeedka DNA: Laba afyare; waxaa ka kooban nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
• Gene: Qayb ka mid ah DNA oo koodhaya borotiin ama RNA shaqo leh.
• Alleles: Noocyada kala duwan ee gene.
• Guri iyo Gaar: Alleles muuqda ayaa qarinaya muujinta alleles gaarka ah.
• Gentics Mendeliyanka: Mabaadi'idii kala soocidda iyo kala duwanida.

Horumar

• Kala Dooro Dabiici: Habka ay noolayaashu ugu wanaagsan u la qabsadaan deegaanka ay ku nool yihiin si ay u noolaadaan oo u tarmaan.
• Nooleeynta: Sameynta noole cusub iyo mid aan caadi ahayn waqtiga horumarka.
• Caddeynta Horumarka: Diiwaannada fosil, isbarbardhigga anatomy, bayoolajiga molkuularka, iyo biogeography.

Ecology

• Nidaamyada Ecosystems: Bulshooyinka noolahu waxay la falgalanayaan deegaanka.
• Biomes: Aagag ballaaran oo dabiici ah oo leh xaalado cimilada, dhir, iyo xayawaan isku mid ah (tusaale, lamadha, kaymaha).
• Silsiladaha Cuntada iyo Webiyo: Socodka tamarta heerarka trophic; wax soo saarka (dhirta), isticmaale (carnivores, herbivores) iyo burburiyeyaasha.
• Xidhiidhada Iskaashatada: Waxay ka mid yihiin wada noolaan, ka faaiidaysi, iyo cudur.

Bayoolojiyada Dhirta

• Muuqaalka Sawirka: Habka ay dhirta u rogto tamarta iftiinka waxana ay u badalayaan tamarta kiimikada (glucose) iyagoo isticmaalaya chlorophyll.
• Qaab dhismeedka Dhirta:
  • Timo: Waxay taageeraan dhirta oo ay nuugaan biyaha/dhuxusha.
  • Dhaqdhaqaaqa: Waxay taageeraan oo kala qubeysaa macdanta/biyaha.
  • Waraaqo: Meesha ugu weyn ee lagu sawiro sawir.
  • Taarikha: Waxay ku lug leedahay ubaxyo, miraha, iyo abuurka; waxay noqon kartaa iskudhaf (ubaxayn) ama aan iskudhaf ahayn (jarista, dhamaystirka).

Bayoolojiyada Xayawaanka

• Kala-soocidda Xayawaanka: Dawladda Animalia; waxaa loo kala qeybiyaa kooxo sida mammals, shimbiraha, reptooyinka, amphibians, iyo kalluunka.
• Nidaamyada Jidhka:
  • Nidaamka Wareegga: Socodka macdanta iyo oksijiinta; waxaa ka mid ah qalbiga iyo xididdada dhiigga.
  • Nidaamka Neefsashada: Fududeynta is-dhaafidda gaasta; waxaa ka mid ah feytaha.
  • Nidaamka Dareenka: Waxay isku xidhka hawlaha jidhka; waxaa ka mid ah maskaxda, xididka dhabarka, iyo neerfaha.
  • Nidaamyada Taranka: Iskudhaf (waxay ku lug leedahay gametes) iyo aan iskudhaf ahayn (labaad, kala qaybsan).

Microbiology

• Bakteeriyada: Noolayaal hal-unug ah; waxay noqon karaan kuwo waxtar leh (flora caloosha) ama cudurada keenaya.
• Viryada: Waxyaabo aan unugyada ahayn oo u baahan yihiin marti si ay u soo saaraan; waxay ku dhufanayaan dhammaan noocyada nool.
• Fungi: Noolayaal eukaryotic ah oo burburiya maaddooyinka organic; waxay noqon karaan hal unug (yeasta) ama badan (molds).

Bayoolojiyada Aadanaha

• Homeostasis: Ilaalinta xaaladaha gudaha ee joogtada ah (heerkulka, pH, iwm).
• Nidaamka Difaaca: Difaaca jidhka ka dhanka ah cudurada; waxaa ka mid ah difaaca dabiiciga ah iyo difaaca la qabsiga.
• Dheef-shiid Kiimikaadka Nafaqada: Falanqaynta cuntada ee tamar laga helayo; waxay ku lug leedahay carbohydrates, borotiinada, iyo dufanka.

Kiimiyada Bayoolojiga

• Macromolecules:
  • Carbohydrates: Ilaha tamarta; waxaa ka mid ah sonkorta iyo starchka.
  • Borotiinada: Waxaa ka kooban amino acids; waxay qabtaan hawlo kala duwan (enzymes, qaab-dhismeed).
  • Lipids: Dufaanka iyo saliidda; muhiim u ah qaab-dhismeedka unugyada iyo kaydinta tamarta.
  • Nucleic Acids: DNA iyo RNA; maaddooyinka hidde-sidaha iyo samaynta borotiinada.

Bayoteknolojiyada

• Engineering Genetic: Qalabaynta DNA-da noolaha iyadoo la adeegsanaayo farsamooyin kala duwan.

Quizzku wuxuu diiradda saarayaa qaab dhismeedka iyo hawlaha unugyada noolaha. Waxay kaloo daboolaysaa fikradaha muhiimka ah ee dhanka genetics sida qaabka DNA-da iyo noocyada unugyada. Ka baro macluumaadka muhiimka ah ee ku saabsan unugyada iyo genetikada si aad u hesho natiijooyin wanaagsan.