Cell Structure and Function Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which structure stores sperm in the male reproductive system?

  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Epididymis (correct)
  • Prostate gland

    • What is the primary function of the luteinizing hormone (LH) in males?

  • Stimulates testosterone production (correct)
  • Facilitates semen formation
  • Stimulates sperm maturation
  • Enhances sperm motility

    • Which part of the female reproductive system is responsible for receiving sperm during sexual intercourse?

  • Fallopian tubes
  • Ovaries
  • Uterus
  • Vagina (correct)

    • What role does the prostate gland play in the male reproductive system?

    <p>It secretes a milky white fluid into semen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating spermatogenesis in males?

    <p>Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure secretes fluids to protect the vagina during intercourse?

    <p>Bartholin’s glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the internal male reproductive system?

    <p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?

    <p>To produce ova and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of sweat gland secretes electrolytes and water in response to elevated body temperature?

    <p>Eccrine glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sebum secreted by sebaceous glands?

    <p>Inhibit water loss and protect against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the highest concentration of eccrine sweat glands located?

    <p>Forehead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>Parathyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of hormones from the endocrine system?

    <p>Hormonal signals, chemical reactions, and environmental cues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which gland is involved in influencing daily biorhythms through melatonin production?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which body areas do apocrine glands primarily exist?

    <p>Armpits, groin, palms, and soles of the feet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of holocrine glands, such as sebaceous glands?

    <p>Secrete substances in a manner that destroys the gland cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle is characterized as being striated and voluntary?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following lists contains components of muscle fibers involved in contraction?

    <p>Thick and thin filaments, sarcomeres, calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the scrotum in the male reproductive system?

    <p>To maintain the temperature of the testes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when calcium ions are released during skeletal muscle contraction?

    <p>They bind to myosin and actin, facilitating contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is referred to as visceral tissue and is found in the walls of internal organs?

    <p>Smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the process of catabolic reactions?

    <p>They break down large molecules into smaller ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are monosaccharides primarily converted into for energy usage?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

    <p>Enzymes significantly accelerate the speed of reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of RNA is responsible for carrying genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm?

    <p>mRNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional significance of codons in mRNA?

    <p>They code for single amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule serves as the primary source of long-term energy storage in cells?

    <p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary structural difference between DNA and RNA?

    <p>DNA is double-stranded; RNA is single-stranded.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In genetic terms, what does the phenotype refer to?

    <p>The observable characteristics of an organism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nucleotides in nucleic acids?

    <p>They serve as the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding Mendel's laws of segregation?

    <p>Each parent contributes one allele to the offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is co-dominance in genetic inheritance?

    <p>Both alleles are fully expressed simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bonds are responsible for holding the two strands of DNA together?

    <p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is primarily involved in the translation of mRNA into proteins?

    <p>Ribosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hydrolysis in biochemical processes?

    <p>It breaks down large molecules into smaller ones using water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the nucleus in a cell?

    <p>Regulates DNA and passes genetic traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the cell membrane is responsible for its selective permeability?

    <p>Phospholipid bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do cells undergo to reproduce and create daughter cells?

    <p>Cell cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organelle is primarily involved in generating ATP?

    <p>Mitochondrion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ribosomes in a cell?

    <p>Synthesize proteins from amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids pull apart?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is characterized by tightly joined cells, such as skin?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Meiosis produces daughter cells that are described as haploid. What does haploid mean?

    <p>Have half the genetic material of the parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lysosomes in a cell?

    <p>Digest biomolecules and remove waste</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is involved in communication within the cell?

    <p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

    <p>Transport materials out of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cell differentiation?

    <p>The transformation of a non-specialized cell into a specialized one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT found in prokaryotic cells?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the structure of the cell membrane, which component contributes to its flexibility?

    <p>Cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • The cell is the basic unit of all living things.
    • All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and DNA.
    • The cell membrane is a semi-permeable barrier that controls what enters and exits the cell.
    • Organelles are specialized structures within cells that perform specific functions.
    • Cells can reproduce through mitosis and meiosis.
    • Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells.
    • Meiosis produces four daughter cells with half the genetic material of the parent cell.
    • Cells differentiate to become specialized for specific functions.

    Nuclear Components

    • The nucleus contains the cell's DNA and regulates genetic activity.
    • Chromosomes are highly condensed DNA that carries genetic information.
    • Chromatin is a complex of DNA and proteins that makes up chromosomes.
    • The nucleolus is involved in protein synthesis and produces RNA.
    • The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and regulates the exchange of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

    Cell Membrane

    • The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is a thin, semi-permeable barrier composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins.
    • It controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
    • Selective permeability allows only certain molecules to pass through the cell membrane.

    Cellular Organelles

    • Ribosomes synthesize proteins from amino acids.
    • The Golgi complex modifies, sorts, and packages proteins.
    • Vacuoles store substances, digest waste, and remove waste products.
    • Vesicles transport materials within the cell.
    • The cytoskeleton provides shape and support for the cell.
    • Microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton and help support the cell.
    • The cytosol is the liquid material found within the cell membrane.
    • The endoplasmic reticulum, both rough ER and smooth ER, transports materials within the cell.
    • Mitochondria are responsible for generating energy (ATP) and are involved in cell growth and death.

    Mitochondria Functions

    • Mitochondria are responsible for ATP production, which is the energy currency of the cell.
    • They play a role in cell signaling and communication.
    • Mitochondria are involved in cell differentiation, the process by which cells specialize.
    • They regulate cell cycle and growth.
    • Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes, suggesting their origin from symbiotic bacteria.

    Animal Cells

    • Centrosomes are involved in mitosis and cell cycle.
    • Centrioles are cylinder-shaped structures that are involved in cell division.
    • Lysosomes digest cellular waste and debris.
    • Cilia are hair-like structures that help move the cell.
    • Flagella are tail-like structures that propel the cell.

    Tissues

    • Tissues are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.
    • The four main types of tissues are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Epithelial tissues are tightly joined cells that cover surfaces and line cavities.
    • They are classified based on cell layer and shape.

    Connective Tissue

    • Connective tissues are diverse and provide support, protection, and binding.
    • They include bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, and lymph.

    Muscle Tissue

    • Muscle tissue is responsible for movement.
    • There are three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

    Nervous Tissue

    • Nervous tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
    • It transmits signals throughout the body.

    Organs

    • Organs are composed of different types of tissues working together to perform a specific function.

    The Skeletal System

    • The skeletal system provides support, protection, and movement.
    • It is composed of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons.

    Muscle Contraction

    • Skeletal muscles consist of bundles of muscle fibers composed of myofibrils.
    • Myofibrils are made of sarcomeres, the basic unit of muscle contraction.
    • Muscle contraction occurs when thin filaments (actin) slide over thick filaments (myosin), shortening the sarcomere.
    • Calcium ions released from the action potential trigger muscle contraction by binding to actin and myosin.

    The Reproductive System

    • The male reproductive system produces, maintains, and transfers sperm and semen.
    • The female reproductive system produces eggs (ova), provides a site for fertilization and development, and allows for birth.

    The Integumentary System

    • The integumentary system includes the skin, hair, nails, and glands.
    • Its functions include protection, secretion, and communication.

    The Endocrine System

    • The endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones.

    • Hormones regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood.

    • The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are key components of the neuroendocrine system.

    • **### Four Basic Building Blocks

    • Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins and lipids are the four basic building blocks.

    • These are involved in catabolic reactions that break down larger molecules into smaller molecules.

    • Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids and nucleotides are involved in catabolic reactions.

    Anabolic and Catabolic Reactions

    • Anabolic reactions build larger and more complex molecules.
    • They require energy.
    • Catabolic reactions break down larger molecules into smaller molecules.
    • They release energy.

    Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

    • Endothermic reactions absorb heat.
    • Exothermic reactions release heat.

    Carbohydrates

    • Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy.
    • They provide energy as they can convert to glucose.
    • The chemical formula for a carbohydrate is CH2O.
    • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates.

    Lipids

    • Lipids are soluble in non polar solvents.
    • Lipids are hydrophobic (water-repelling).
    • Lipids are similar to hydrocarbons.
    • They are involved in functions such as energy storage and structure.

    Fats

    • Fats are long chains of fatty acids.

    Phospholipids

    • Phospholipids have a phosphate group in place of a fatty acid.

    Glycerides

    • Glycerides are fats and oils formed from fatty acids and glycerol.

    Proteins

    • Proteins are formed from amino acids.
    • Polypeptides are chains of 10-100 peptides linked together.
    • A condensation reaction involves water loss from molecules joining together.
    • A hydrolysis reaction involves water being added to smaller molecules.
    • A peptide is two or more amino acids.

    Enzymes

    • Enzymes are powerful catalysts.
    • They accelerate the speed of reactions.
    • Enzymes deal with reactants (substrates).
    • Enzymes are selective, much like a "key in the lock" analogy where a certain enzyme fits with a certain substrate.

    Nucleic Acids

    • Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.
    • Through hydrolysis, enzymes break down nucleic acids into shorter strings of RNA and DNA.
    • Macromolecular nucleic acid polymers are formed from nucleotides.
    • Nitrogen fixation is used to synthesize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins.
    • Store information and energy, and are also catalysts.

    DNA

    • Chromosomes consist of genes.
    • Genes are made up of DNA.
    • DNA is a nucleic acid located in the nucleus.
    • DNA is also found in mitochondria.

    DNA Structure

    • DNA has a double helix shape.
    • DNA consists of nucleotides—consisting of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
    • The side rails or backbone of DNA are composed of covalently bonded sugar and phosphate.
    • Bases are attached to hydrogen bonds.
    • There are four types of nitrogenous bases: Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
    • Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.

    Purines and Pyrimidines

    • Pyrimidine bases include cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
    • Purine bases include adenine and guanine.

    Codons

    • A codon is a group of three nucleotides on mRNA.
    • Each codon codes for a single amino acid.
    • There are 64 codons but 20 amino acids.
    • AUG is the start codon, while UAA, UGA, and UAG are stop codons.

    DNA Replication

    • DNA replication is controlled by enzymes.
    • The enzyme helicase instigates the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases to split the two strands of DNA.
    • The replication fork is the section of DNA that is about to be replicated.
    • Uracil (U) replaces thymine (T) in RNA.

    RNA

    • RNA is a helper to DNA.
    • rRNA is used to study relationships between organisms.
    • mRNA carries a copy of a strand of DNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
    • Transcription refers to the process in which RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA.
    • Translation refers to the process in which ribosomes use transcribed RNA to combine proteins.
    • tRNA aids in the translation process and can be found in the cytoplasm.

    Differences between RNA and DNA

    • RNA has A, G, C, and U.
    • RNA is single-stranded with one backbone.
    • DNA has A, G, C, and T.
    • DNA is double-stranded with two side rails.

    Mendel's Laws

    • Law of Segregation: Two alleles are inherited, with half of the total number of alleles from each parent organism.
    • Law of Independent Assortment: Traits are passed on randomly and are not influenced by other traits.

    Gene, Genotype, Phenotype, and Allele

    • Gene: Part of DNA that identifies traits and is part of the genetic code.
    • Genotype: All genes, including those that may not be expressed.
    • Phenotype: The physical, visual manifestation of genes; how genes have been affected by the environment.
    • Allele: A variation of a gene, such as height or eye color.

    Dominant and Recessive

    • Dominant alleles are uppercase and require only one gene of a pair to be expressed in the phenotype.
    • Recessive alleles are lowercase and require both genes to be expressed in the phenotype.

    Monohybrid and Dihybrid Crosses

    • A monohybrid cross involves only one trait.
    • A dihybrid cross involves more than one trait; a larger range of combinations are possible.

    Non-Mendelian Concepts

    • Co-dominance: Both alleles are expressed, resulting in both traits being displayed in the phenotype.
    • Incomplete Dominance: Both dominant and recessive alleles are expressed, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of the two.
    • Polygenic Inheritance: Traits are influenced by more than one gene, and take into account environmental influences.
    • Multiple Alleles: Only two alleles make up a gene.
    • A gene with at least 3 possible alleles.

    Basic Atomic Structure

    • All matter is composed of atoms.
    • Atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons.
    • The nucleus contains protons (+ charge) and neutrons (no charge).
    • Electrons (- charge) orbit the nucleus.
    • Atoms can bind together to form a molecule.
    • A neutron has a neutral charge, while an ion has a non-neutral charge.

    Models of Atoms

    • Atomic radius is the average distance from the center of an atom to the outer most electron.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the fundamental components and functions of cells. This quiz covers topics including cell membranes, organelles, mitosis, meiosis, and nuclear components. Challenge yourself and deepen your understanding of cellular biology!

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