Cell Structure and Function Quiz

Cell Theory: Fundamental concepts include all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Types of Cells:
- Prokaryotic: No nucleus, smaller, examples include bacteria.
- Eukaryotic: Nucleus present, larger, examples include plant and animal cells.
Cell Organelles:
- Nucleus: Control center, contains DNA.
- Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, site of respiration.
- Ribosomes: Protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
  - Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, protein transport.
  - Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis.
- Golgi Apparatus: Protein modification and packaging.
- Lysosomes: Digestion and waste removal.
- Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis (in plant cells).
- Cell Membrane: Semi-permeable, regulates movement in and out.

Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy.
- Reactants: Carbon dioxide and water.
- Products: Glucose and oxygen.
- Sites: Occurs in chloroplasts.
Transport Mechanisms:
- Xylem: Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
- Phloem: Transports nutrients (sugars) throughout the plant.

Body Systems:
- Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste.
- Respiratory System: Exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide).
- Digestive System: Breakdown of food, nutrient absorption.
- Nervous System: Controls body functions and responses.
- Endocrine System: Hormonal regulation of bodily functions.

Basic Concepts:
- DNA Structure: Double helix composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
- Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
- Alleles: Different forms of a gene.
Mendelian Genetics:
- Law of Segregation: Each organism carries two alleles, which segregate during gamete formation.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits can segregate independently during gamete formation.

Ecosystem Components:
- Biotic Factors: Living components (plants, animals, microorganisms).
- Abiotic Factors: Non-living components (water, soil, temperature).
Biomes: Large ecological areas with distinct flora and fauna (ex: forests, deserts).
Food Chain and Food Web: Pathways of energy transfer through various trophic levels (producers, consumers, decomposers).

Natural Selection: Mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.
Species Diversity: Variety of species within a given ecosystem.
Conservation Biology: Study of preserving biodiversity and managing natural resources.

Macromolecules:
- Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches; primary energy source.
- Proteins: Made of amino acids; essential for growth and repair.
- Lipids: Fats and oils; energy storage and membrane structure.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA; carry genetic information.

Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Relatively small in size.
- Examples: bacteria.
Eukaryotic Cells: Possess a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- Larger in size.
- Examples: plant and animal cells.

Nucleus: The control center of the cell, containing the cell's genetic material (DNA).
Mitochondria: Responsible for cellular respiration, providing energy for the cell.
Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and transport.
- Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium storage.
Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes for digestion and waste removal.
Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis.
Cell Membrane: Acts as a selectively permeable barrier, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Photosynthesis: The process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose).
- Reactants: Carbon dioxide and water.
- Products: Glucose and oxygen.
- Site: Takes place in chloroplasts.

Xylem: Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Phloem: Transports sugars (produced during photosynthesis) throughout the plant.

Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Respiratory System: Responsible for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the body and the environment.
Digestive System: Breaks down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body.
Nervous System: Controls and coordinates body functions and responses to stimuli.
Endocrine System: Regulates bodily functions through the production and secretion of hormones.

DNA Structure: A double helix composed of nucleotides (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).
Gene: A segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein.
Alleles: Different forms of a gene.

Law of Segregation: Each organism carries two alleles for each trait, and these alleles separate during gamete formation (meiosis).
Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits segregate independently of one another during gamete formation.

Ecosystem Components:
- Biotic Factors: Living organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms.
- Abiotic Factors: Non-living components, such as water, soil, temperature, and sunlight.
Biomes: Large ecological areas with distinct climates and vegetation patterns (e.g., forests, deserts, grasslands).
Food Chains and Food Webs: Describe the flow of energy through an ecosystem from producers (plants) to consumers (animals) and decomposers (bacteria and fungi).

Natural Selection: The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more successfully, leading to the gradual evolution of new species.
Species Diversity: The variety of species within a given ecosystem.
Conservation Biology: The study of preserving biodiversity and managing natural resources.

Macromolecules: Large organic molecules essential for life.
- Carbohydrates: Sugars and starches, provide energy.
- Proteins: Chains of amino acids, essential for growth, repair, and numerous bodily functions.
- Lipids: Fats and oils, provide energy storage, insulation, and membrane structure.
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA, carry genetic information.