Cell Structure and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a recommended aspect for the title of a BIOL 110 lab report?

  • Extensive (correct)
  • Informative
  • Concise
  • Catchy

In the context of a BIOL 110 lab report, what is the primary purpose of the 'Materials and Methods' section?

  • To analyze and interpret the experimental data
  • To provide a detailed step-by-step guide for replicating the experiment (correct)
  • To explain the rationale behind the experimental design
  • To summarize the findings of the experiment

According to the provided content, which section of the lab report is considered the main section?

  • Discussion
  • Materials and Methods
  • Results (correct)
  • Introduction

What is the minimum number of figures required in the 'Results' section of a BIOL 110 lab report?

<p>Three (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a well-written 'Results' section in a BIOL 110 lab report?

<p>Detailed justification for the experimental design (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the expectation for the 'Abstract' section of the BIOL 110 lab report?

<p>It should be a concise, informative summary of the entire lab report (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the 'Introduction' section in a BIOL 110 lab report?

<p>To establish the context and rationale for the study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what is one key element of the 'Introduction' section that should be discussed?

<p>The question(s) that will be answered by the experiments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the use of microscopes in studying cells is FALSE?

<p>Microscopes are only used to observe living cells, as they cannot be used to study preserved or fixed specimens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are microscopes crucial to studying the behavior of cells?

<p>Microscopes magnify the size of cells, allowing for observation of internal structures and processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental difference between light microscopes (LMs) and electron microscopes (EMs) in visualizing cells?

<p>LMs use light to illuminate the specimen, while EMs use a beam of electrons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between cell size and the need for microscopes?

<p>Most cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye, necessitating the use of microscopes to investigate them. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cell biology is NOT directly facilitated by the use of microscopes?

<p>Determining the chemical composition of the cell membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cell fractionation?

<p>To take cells apart and separate major organelles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes is involved in the initial step of cell fractionation?

<p>Homogenization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During differential centrifugation, which pellet would be obtained from a centrifugation step at 80,000 g for 60 minutes?

<p>Pellet rich in mitochondria and chloroplasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the supernatant contain after the initial centrifugation step at 1,000 g for 10 minutes?

<p>Components rich in smaller organelles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of centrifugation is primarily utilized in cell fractionation?

<p>Separation based on density differences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of contractile vacuoles in freshwater protists?

<p>To pump excess water out of the cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature shared between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

<p>Both are essential for cell division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cristae in mitochondria?

<p>To increase the surface area for ATP synthesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Calvin cycle take place in chloroplasts?

<p>Stroma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the thylakoids contribute to photosynthesis?

<p>They facilitate the transfer of electrons during photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory?

<p>Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similar structures to bacteria, including circular DNA and ribosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between the engulfed cell and the host cell in the endosymbiotic theory?

<p>The engulfed cell and the host cell maintained a mutually beneficial relationship (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inner membrane in both mitochondria and chloroplasts?

<p>Generating a proton gradient for ATP production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is characterized by the presence of a cell wall?

<p>Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship between the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>The ER transports materials to and from the nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from those found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells?

<p>They are encoded by the organelle's own DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells lack a true nucleus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about prokaryotic cells?

<p>They can exist as single cells or as multicellular structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

<p>To modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between phagocytosis and autophagy?

<p>Phagocytosis involves the engulfment of large particles like bacteria, while autophagy targets damaged cell components within the cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about cellular respiration?

<p>It can occur in the absence of light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of standard light microscopy?

<p>It has too low a resolution to study organelles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which microscope type is best for examining the external structure of specimens?

<p>Scanning electron microscope (SEM) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural detail can a transmission electron microscope (TEM) reveal?

<p>Internal structures of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sizes corresponds to typical bacteria observed under a microscope?

<p>1 μm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the resolution of an electron microscope compare to that of a light microscope?

<p>It is much higher, allowing observation of smaller structures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component can be best visualized using electron microscopy?

<p>Nucleus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context are SEMs and TEMs utilized in cell biology?

<p>To investigate subcellular structures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What smallest size can be effectively resolved using electron microscopy?

<p>10 nm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most likely reason why insulin, a protein produced by the pancreas, is absent in a bacterial cell, even though both cells possess DNA that codes for proteins?

<p>Insulin, as a hormonal protein, is specifically required for multicellular organisms like humans, and bacteria lack the hormonal system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While insulin mRNA is found in the cytoplasm and not the nucleus, where would you expect to find the corresponding insulin-encoding DNA in a pancreatic cell?

<p>Inside the nucleus, specifically within the chromosomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the information provided, after being synthesized on the ribosomes, which organelle would insulin most likely travel to next in order to be modified and packaged for secretion?

<p>Golgi apparatus, to further process and package insulin into secretory vesicles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comparing the information presented about eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, what is the most significant difference that would make the insulin-encoding DNA inaccessible in a bacterial cell?

<p>Bacteria lack a defined nucleus, so the insulin gene is not separated from the cytoplasm and available for translation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Imagine a hypothetical scenario where the Golgi apparatus in a pancreatic cell becomes dysfunctional. What would be the most immediate consequence for insulin production and secretion?

<p>Insulin would not be properly packaged into secretory vesicles, hindering its release into the bloodstream. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Figure legends

Descriptive titles and explanations for figures in reports.

Microscopes

Tools used to magnify and visualize small cells.

Eukaryotic cells

Complex cells with internal membranes compartmentalizing functions.

Endomembrane system

Network of membranes regulating protein traffic and metabolism in cells.

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Mitochondria and chloroplasts

Organelles that convert energy from one form to another in cells.

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Abstract

A brief summary of your lab report's goals, findings, and significance.

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Introduction

Sets the framework of the report, including purpose and background.

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Materials and Methods

Describes the procedures and materials used in the experiments.

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Results

Present findings in an organized manner, usually with figures.

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Figures

Visual representations of data included in the results section.

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Significance

Discusses the importance and implications of your findings.

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Concise Title

A brief and catchy title for your lab report.

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Clear Reporting

Presenting data and findings in an understandable and logical way.

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Cell Fractionation

A process that separates cell components, such as organelles.

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Centrifuge

A machine that spins materials at high speed to separate them by density.

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Differential Centrifugation

A technique that uses varying speeds to isolate organelles based on size and density.

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Homogenization

The process of breaking down tissue cells to create a uniform mixture (homogenate).

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Supernatant

The liquid portion that remains after centrifugation, containing smaller organelles.

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Light Microscope (LM)

An optical instrument that uses visible light to magnify small objects.

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Resolution

The ability of a microscope to show two close objects as separate.

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Electron Microscopes (EMs)

Microscopes that use electrons to achieve much higher resolution images than light microscopes.

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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

A type of electron microscope that scans the surface of samples to get 3D images.

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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

A type of electron microscope used to study the internal structure of cells by transmitting electrons through a thin slice.

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Organelles

Membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells that perform specific functions.

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Subcellular Structures

Smaller structures within cells, such as organelles, that perform specific tasks.

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Nucleoid

A region in prokaryotic cells containing circular DNA.

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Binary fission

A method of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes.

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Insulin synthesis

The process of producing insulin from DNA to blood vessels.

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Mitochondria

Organelles that generate energy in eukaryotic cells.

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Eukaryotic vs Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic cells have organelles; prokaryotic cells do not.

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Autophagy

The process by which cells degrade and recycle cellular components.

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Vacuoles

Large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus, used for storage and maintenance in cells.

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Central vacuole

A large vacuole found in mature plant cells that holds organic compounds and water.

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Contractile vacuoles

Vacuoles in freshwater protists that pump excess water out of the cell.

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Cristae

Folded inner membrane of mitochondria that increases surface area for ATP synthesis.

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Mitochondrial matrix

The fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of mitochondria where some metabolic steps occur.

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Chloroplasts

Organelles found in plants and algae, responsible for photosynthesis and containing chlorophyll.

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Thylakoids

Membranous sacs within chloroplasts stacked to form a granum, involved in photosynthesis.

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Stroma

The fluid-filled space inside chloroplasts where the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

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Endosymbiosis

The theory that explains the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts as engulfed prokaryotic cells.

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Unicellular organisms

Organisms made up of a single cell, such as prokaryotes.

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Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

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Cell wall

A rigid structure around some cell types, providing support and protection; often complex in prokaryotes.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Biologists use microscopes and biochemistry tools to study cells.
  • Cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
  • Microscopes magnify images using glass lenses to focus light or electrons through an object.
  • Light microscopes (LM) create magnified images using a series of glass lenses to focus light through an object.
  • Electron microscopes (EM) use a beam of electrons to visualize subcellular structures.
  • Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are used to study the outside surface of structures.
  • Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) are used to study the internal structure of cells.

Cell Fractionation

  • Fractionates cells to separate major organelles.
  • Centrifuges fractionate cells into their component parts based on density.
  • The process starts with homogenizing the cells, which is the process of breaking apart the cells.
  • The material is split into two fractions; a supernatant (liquid) and pellet (solid).
  • Various amounts of force are used to separate the material into the different organelles according to their densities.

Eukaryotic Cells

  • Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions.
  • The fundamental unit of all organisms is a cell, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  • Prokaryotic cells are only found in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
  • Eukaryotic cells are found in protists, fungi, animals, and plants.

Nucleus

  • The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
  • It contains most of the DNA.
  • The nucleus (organelle) is membrane-bound, keeping it separate from the cytoplasm.
  • The nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus, controlling what enters or exits.
  • It's a double membrane, each with its own lipid bilayer.
  • Ribosomes in the nucleolus produce ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
  • Chromatin is condensed DNA and proteins.
  • Chromosomes are distinct DNA structures, a condensed form of chromatin.

Ribosomes

  • Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein.
  • They synthesize proteins.
  • Ribosomes can be free within the cytoplasm of the cell (free ribosome), attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or the nuclear envelope (bound ribosome).

Endomembrane System

  • The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic
  • The endomembrane system consists of:
    • Nuclear envelope
    • Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
    • Golgi apparatus
    • Lysosomes
    • Vacuoles
    • Plasma membrane
  • These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by vesicles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

  • The ER is composed of two distinct regions:
  • Smooth ER which lacks ribosomes
  • Rough ER which is studded with ribosomes.
  • The ER plays a critical role in the biosynthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.

Golgi Apparatus

  • The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages materials into transport vesicles.

Lysosomes

  • Contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules.
  • Lysosomes recycle the cell's own organelles and macromolecules through autophagy.

Peroxisomes

  • Specialized metabolic compartments, bounded by a single membrane.
  • Involved in detoxification of oxidative stress.

Vacuoles

  • Vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi.
  • Contractile vacuoles pump excess water out of cells.
  • Central vacuoles hold organic compounds in many mature plant cells.

Mitochondria

  • Sites of cellular respiration.
  • The inner membrane creates two compartments: an intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix.
  • Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP.

Chloroplasts

  • Contain the green pigment chlorophyll for photosynthesis
  • Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae.

Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria.
  • Enveloped by a double membrane.
  • Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
  • Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells.
  • These similarities suggests an endosymbiotic origin.

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Other distinctions are in the size, arrangement of DNA, presence of certain organelles and cell division process.

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