Cell Structure and Function Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the nucleolus within the nucleus?

  • Modification of ribosomal RNA
  • Storage of DNA
  • Assembly of ribosomes (correct)
  • Synthesis of ribosomal DNA

What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  • RER has ribosomes attached while SER does not (correct)
  • RER is involved in digestion while SER is for detoxification
  • RER stores calcium ions while SER transports glucose
  • RER synthesizes lipids while SER synthesizes proteins

Which of the following structures produces ATP through aerobic respiration?

  • Nucleus
  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria (correct)

What is one of the roles of lysosomes within a cell?

<p>Digestion and recycling of materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the cytoskeleton is primarily involved in the positioning of organelles?

<p>Microtubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do peroxisomes contribute to cellular function?

<p>Inactivate toxic molecules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the cell controls the entry and exit of substances?

<p>Plasma membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What forms when chromatin condenses during cell replication?

<p>Chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the nucleus?

The control center of the cell, containing DNA in the form of chromatin or chromosomes, within a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

What is the nucleolus?

The site of ribosome synthesis, found within the nucleus. It forms when parts of chromosomes coding for rRNA bind together during interphase.

What are mitochondria?

The powerhouse of the cell, responsible for producing ATP through aerobic respiration. They contain their own DNA and can reproduce independently.

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A network of interconnected membranes in the cytoplasm. It exists in two forms: rough ER (with ribosomes) and smooth ER (without ribosomes).

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What is the Golgi apparatus?

Stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs involved in modifying and packaging products from the ER for secretion or transport to other parts of the cell.

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What are lysosomes?

Small, membrane-bound organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes, acting as the recycling center of the cell. They break down food, waste, and worn-out organelles.

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What are peroxisomes?

Small vesicles containing enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide, detoxifying the cell and protecting it from harmful molecules.

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What is the cytosol?

The fluid within the cell that contains molecules and organelles. It's a dynamic environment where molecules and organelles move freely.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Nucleus: Enclosed by a double-membrane nuclear envelope with pores for mRNA passage. Contains chromatin (DNA bound to histones) which condenses into chromosomes during cell division. Includes nucleolus, containing ribosomal DNA (rRNA).

Organelles

  • Nucleolus: Site of rRNA transcription from rDNA, where rRNA joins proteins to form ribosomes.

  • Mitochondria: Produce ATP through aerobic respiration. Have double membranes (with cristae projections). Own DNA and ribosomes (70S) and reproduce via division. Mitochondrial matrix is space within the inner membrane.

  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Consists of smooth (SER) and rough (RER). RER has bound ribosomes and is key to protein synthesis. SER stores calcium ions, facilitates glucose mobilization (removes phosphate from glucose-6-phosphate) and synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones.

  • Golgi apparatus: Modifies and packages products of the ER for secretion or transport within the cell. Composed of membrane-bound sacs.

  • Lysosomes: Small, irregular organelles with hydrolytic enzymes for digestion. Breaks down food particles, unwanted material, and recycles components.

  • Peroxisomes: Small vesicles that inactivate toxic molecules using hydrogen peroxide.

  • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis. Some bound to RER, others free-floating in the cytosol, which is the fluid containing cell molecules.

Cytoskeleton

  • Cytoskeleton: Provides cell shape, strength, and facilitates movement of molecules and organelles. Composed of:

    • Microtubules: Hollow tubes of tubulin. Important in organelle positioning, cilia/flagella movement, cell division (chromosome segregation), and other cellular component movements.

    • Intermediate filaments: Provide structural stability to the cell. Not involved in movement.

    • Microfilaments (actin filaments): Thinnest filaments enabling cell movement, shape change, cytokinesis, organelle transport, and muscle contraction.

  • Motor proteins: Use ATP energy to move molecules and organelles along cytoskeletal fibers.

  • Cytosol: The fluid component of the cell that contains the cell's molecules and organelles. It is dynamic, enabling movement of constituents within the cell.

  • Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer enclosing the cell, regulating substance passage. Contains glycoproteins and glycolipids.

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