Questions and Answers
The three types of cartilage are hyaline, elastic, and ______.
fibrous
Hyaline cartilage is found on the articulating surfaces of ______.
bones
Elastic cartilage contains many ______ fibers, giving it a yellowish color.
elastic
Fibrous cartilage contains a dense network of ______ fibers.
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Bones act as ______, converting muscle contraction into movement.
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Hydroxyapatite, made from calcium and ______, gives bone its hardness.
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The development of cell theory began with ______ in 1665.
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Organisms can be classified as unicellular or ______.
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Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) passed from cell to cell during ______.
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Cells have various types and shapes based on their ______ and positions.
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The small size of cells provides a large surface area to ______ ratio.
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Prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms, including ______ and archaebacteria.
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Non-living cell walls made of ______, located outside the plasma membrane, maintain cell shape.
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Energy flow (______ and biochemistry) occurs within cells.
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Spongy bones are found in the center of flat bones and the ends of ______.
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Compact bones are formed by ______ located in the lacunae.
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Haversian canals contain ______ vessels and nerves.
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Osteocytes secrete a matrix of calcium phosphate, carbonate, and ______.
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Nerve tissues are composed of nerve cells called ______ and neuroglial cells.
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A typical neuron consists of a cell body, ______, and an axon.
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Neurons transmit impulses to other neurons, muscles, and ______.
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An axon is a single long fiber that carries impulses ______ from the cell body.
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Striated muscle is also known as ______ muscle due to its anatomical location.
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Cardiac muscle is found only in the ______.
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Red blood cells are formed in ______ marrow.
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Striated muscle is essential for ______ and motion.
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Cardiac muscle does not require ______ impulses to contract.
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Red blood cells are filled with oxygen-carrying protein called ______.
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Blood consists of fluid and cells flowing in one direction in a closed ______ system.
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Red blood cells have a biconcave disc shape providing a large surface for ______ delivery.
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White Blood Cells are also known as ______.
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Granulocytes or agranulocytes are classified based on the presence or absence of visible ______ in the cytoplasm.
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are types of ______.
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Neutrophils are highly mobile and capable of performing ______.
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Eosinophils play significant roles in defending against ______ infections.
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Basophils contain ______, serotonin, and heparin.
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White Blood Cells can migrate to ______ to perform various functions.
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Granulocytes are formed in the bone ______.
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Study Notes
Objectives
- Fundamental properties of cells include metabolism, structure, and genetic information.
- Distinction between prokaryotes (simple, unicellular) and eukaryotes (complex, can be unicellular or multicellular).
- Understanding cellular components in animal and plant cells.
- Overview of animal tissues and organ systems.
Cell Theory
- Organisms classified as unicellular (single-cell) or multicellular (multiple cells).
- Development of cell theory started with Robert Hooke in 1665.
- Energy flow through metabolism occurs within cells.
- Cells carry hereditary information (DNA) and are diverse in shape and size based on function.
- Small cell size enhances surface area to volume ratio, facilitating diffusion.
Prokaryotic Cells
- Unicellular organisms include bacteria and archaebacteria.
- Cell walls are non-living, made of peptidoglycan, providing structure and protection.
Cartilage Types
- Hyaline Cartilage: Most common; found in joints, respiratory passages, and sternum.
- Elastic Cartilage: Contains elastic fibers; found in the ear, ear canal, Eustachian tube, and epiglottis.
- Fibrous Cartilage: Dense collagen fiber network; found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
Bones
- Serve as levers for muscle contraction and movement.
- Hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphate) gives bones hardness.
- Two types of bone: spongy bone (center of flat bones, ends of long bones) and compact bone.
- Compact bone structured by osteocytes in concentric circles around Haversian canals housing blood vessels and nerves.
- Osteocytes communicate via canaliculi for nutrient transport.
Nerve Tissues
- Composed of neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglial cells (support cells).
- Neurons conduct nerve impulses while neuroglial cells provide protection.
Neurons
- Typical structure includes a cell body (contains nucleus), dendrites (receive impulses), and axon (sends impulses).
- Impulses transmitted to other neurons, muscles, and glands.
Muscle Tissues
- Striated Muscle (Skeletal Muscle): Voluntary muscle connected to bones via tendons, crucial for motion.
- Cardiac Muscle: Found in heart, striated but involuntary, capable of generating its own rhythmic contractions without brain input.
Blood
- Composed of cells and plasma circulating in a closed system.
- Bone marrow is the site of blood cell formation.
Blood Cell Types
- Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes): Biconcave discs, lack nuclei, contain hemoglobin for oxygen transport, survive about 120 days.
- White Blood Cells (Leukocytes): Protect body via immune responses, migrate from blood to tissues, categorized into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Granulocytes
- Contain granules in cytoplasm, produced in bone marrow.
- Types include:
- Neutrophils: Highly mobile, perform phagocytosis.
- Eosinophils: Combat parasitic infections, involved in allergic responses.
- Basophils: Release histamine and other chemicals during inflammatory responses.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell structure and function with this comprehensive quiz. Explore the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, learn about cellular components, and discover the characteristics of animal tissues and organ systems. Perfect for students studying biology at any level.
