Cell Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

Why is each new embryo genetically unique?

Crossing over, the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, creates new gene combinations and increases genetic diversity.

What type of cells does meiosis produce?

Meiosis produces haploid cells (gametes), which have half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

What is recombination, also known as crossing over, during Prophase I of meiosis?

Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material, increasing genetic variation.

What is the key difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes?

<p>Eukaryotes have a nucleus, while prokaryotes lack a nucleus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the three domains of life?

<p>Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these domains include prokaryotic organisms?

<p>Bacteria and Archaea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the mnemonic "King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk" represent?

<p>This mnemonic represents the metric conversion system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

<p>The nucleus is a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of mitochondria in a cell?

<p>Mitochondria are the energy-producing organelles in cells, responsible for respiration and energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of ribosomes in a cell?

<p>Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Lysosomes are organelles containing digestive enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Golgi body in a cell?

<p>The Golgi body modifies, packages, and transports proteins within and outside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

<p>The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) creates lipids or fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cytoplasm?

<p>A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the cell wall, and in what type of cells is it found?

<p>A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cell. It is only found in plant cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cell membrane?

<p>A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is common ancestry?

<p>A similarity in genes/characteristics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe natural selection.

<p>Natural selection is dependent on specific factors within an environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define species.

<p>Species can interbreed without reproductive barriers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is coevolution?

<p>They are coherently impacting the evolution of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define parasitism.

<p>When one organism is harmed and one benefits in a symbiotic relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is predation?

<p>The cycle of which one organism, the predator, eats another, the prey.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define mutualism.

<p>Both organisms benefit in a symbiotic relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is commensalism?

<p>One organism benefits and one is unaffected in a symbiotic relationship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can antibiotics become ineffective?

<p>Antibiotics may be ineffective due to improper use, bacterial evolution, or over-prescription.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the pyramid of energy show?

<p>The energy pyramid shows energy transfer through trophic levels, with producers at the bottom and tertiary consumers at the top.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are autotrophs?

<p>Organisms that produce their own food, can photosynthesize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are carnivores?

<p>Eats only animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are scavengers?

<p>Eat dead organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are decomposers?

<p>Organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is taxonomy?

<p>The science of classification of organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain binomial nomenclature.

<p>The process by which organisms' names are identified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a domain in the taxonomic hierarchy?

<p>Has the largest number of different organisms and is the most general.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a species in the taxonomic hierarchy?

<p>Has the smallest number of different organisms and is the most specific.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproduction requires a partner?

<p>Sexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reproduction only involves one parent?

<p>Asexual reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is gradualism in the context of evolution?

<p>A model of evolution that suggests changes occur slowly over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is punctuated equilibrium?

<p>Punctuated equilibrium is the theory that evolution occurs in rapid bursts, interrupted by long periods of stability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features are found in plant cells but not animal cells?

<p>Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features are found in animal cells but not plant cells?

<p>Cell wall, chloroplasts, large central vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell lacks a nucleus?

<p>Prokaryotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are density-dependent factors?

<p>Environmental influences that are affected by a population's size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are abiotic factors?

<p>Non-living factors in an ecosystem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

<p>CO2 and water —(light)--&gt; glucose and oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do light-dependent reactions occur?

<p>Within the thylakoid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Calvin cycle?

<p>Light-independent reactions in photosynthesis. Converts CO₂ into glucose using ATP and NADPH. Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of mitosis?

<p>Happens in somatic (body) cells. Its purpose is for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Results in 2 identical diploid cells (same chromosome number as the parent cell)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a substance's half-life work?

<p>The half life is the amount of time that passes for the amount of substance to divide by two</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are isolating mechanics?

<p>factors that prevent species from interbreeding, leading to speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a habitat and a niche?

<p>A habitat is where an organism lives; a niche is the role it plays in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What equation can be used to find the Field Diameter?

<p>(mag. 1) X (diameter 1) = (mag. 2) X (diameter 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define binomial nomenclature.

<p>the system of naming organisms using two names: genus and species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When two different organisms have similar genes, what does it indicate?

<p>common ancestor</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the biggest similarity between meiosis and mitosis?

<p>Both require DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophs belong to which kingdom?

<p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kingdom do animals belong to?

<p>Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of isolation/barriers can create new species?

<p>Behavioral, temporal, geographic</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of reproductive isolation that cannot directly form a new species?

<p>Anatomic isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a carrying capacity graph show?

<p>how the population size of a species changes over time in relation to the environment's carrying capacity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is carrying capacity?

<p>the maximum population size an environment can sustain</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why must DNA replication have to occur before a cell can divide by mitosis?

<p>to maintain the same number of chromosomes in the daughter cells as in the parent cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process can occur in both mitosis and meiosis?

<p>Gene mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Meiosis Reduce the Chromosome Number?

<p>Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half in gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gamete?

<p>sex cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a survivorship curve?

<p>A survivorship curve is a graph that shows how many individuals in a population survive at each age over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of survivorship curves, and how are they classified?

<p>Type 1: High survival in early life. Type 2: Constant survival rate. Type 3: Low survival in early life.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe directional selection.

<p>Favors one extreme trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe disruptive selection.

<p>Favors both extremes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe stabilizing selection.

<p>Favors the middle trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the biomass pyramid, which group is the largest, and which is the smallest?

<p>There are the most producers and the least tertiary consumers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe temporal isolation.

<p>form of reproductive isolation in which two populations reproduce at different times</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe anatomic isolation.

<p>When two species are isolated due to an incompatibility in reproductive parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe geographic isolation.

<p>form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reproductive isolation?

<p>when the members of two populations cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe exponential growth.

<p>Growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe logistic growth.

<p>Growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe survivorship growth.

<p>the number or proportion of individuals surviving to each age for a given species or group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of reactions take place in the stroma of the chloroplast?

<p>Light independant</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the substances from the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is a source of energy for the light-independent (Calvin cycle) reaction?

<p>NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

The light-independent reactions are also known as

<p>Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

The first process in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is

<p>Light absorbtion</p> Signup and view all the answers

The set of reactions that take place in the thylakoids are

<p>light dependent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

<p>CO2 and H2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of graphs are commonly used in biology?

<p>Line graphs (show trends), bar graphs (compare groups), and pie charts (percentages).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the X-axis and Y-axis on a graph?

<p>X-axis: Independent variable (controlled). Y-axis: Dependent variable (measured).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R-value)?

<p>A measure of the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a strong positive R-value?

<p>An R-value close to +1. It means as one variable increases, the other variable also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range for strong positive and negative R-values?

<p>Strong Positive: R ≈ +0.75 to +1.0. Strong Negative: R ≈ -0.75 to -1.0.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you calculate total magnification on a microscope?

<p>Total Magnification = Eyepiece Magnification × Objective Magnification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are larger, while prokaryotes lack a nucleus and are smaller.
  • Domains: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. Eukarya contains eukaryotic organisms; Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic.
  • Nucleus: Contains DNA and RNA, responsible for cell growth and reproduction.
  • Mitochondria: Produce energy through respiration.
  • Ribosomes: Sites of protein synthesis.
  • Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes.
  • Golgi Body: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins.
  • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Creates lipids (fats).
  • Cytoplasm: Fluid inside the cell, suspends organelles.
  • Cell Wall: Rigid layer outside the cell membrane, found in plant cells.
  • Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and leaves the cell.
  • Plant Cells: Have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large central vacuole.
  • Animal Cells: Lack cell walls, chloroplasts, and large central vacuoles.

Reproduction and Genetics

  • Crossing Over (Recombination): Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.
  • Meiosis: Produces haploid cells (gametes, half the chromosome number of the parent cell).
  • Mitosis: Produces 2 identical diploid cells (same chromosome number).
  • Sexual Reproduction: Involves two parents.
  • Asexual Reproduction: No partner needed.
  • Common Ancestry: Organisms share similar genes/characteristics, implying a common ancestor.
  • Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolution occurring in rapid bursts, interrupted by long periods of stability.
  • Gradualism: Evolution through slow, continuous change over time.

Taxonomy and Classification

  • Taxonomy: The science of classifying organisms.
  • Binomial Nomenclature: Naming system using two names (genus and species).
  • Domain: Largest, most general taxonomic level.
  • Species: Smallest, most specific taxonomic level.
  • Dumb Kids Playing Catch On Freeways Get Squished: Mnemonics for taxonomic hierarchy: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Evolution and Ecology

  • Natural Selection: Organisms adapt to their environment through selective pressures.
  • Coevolution: Two species impacting each other's evolution.
  • Symbiotic Relationships: Parasitism (one harmed, one benefits), Predation (one eats the other), Mutualism (both benefit), Commensalism (one benefits, one unaffected).
  • Adaptation: Inherited trait that enhances survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
  • Speciation: Formation of new species from existing ones due to reproductive isolation.
  • Reproductive Barriers (Isolation Mechanics): Mechanisms that prevent interbreeding between species
  • • Behavioral Isolation: Differences in courtship or mating behaviors. • Temporal Isolation: Reproducing at different times. • Geographic Isolation: Physical barriers between populations. • Anatomic Isolation: Incompatible reproductive parts.
  • Density-Dependent Factors: Environmental influences affected by population size (e.g., competition, disease).
  • Density-Independent Factors: Environmental influences not affected by population size (e.g., natural disasters).
  • Abiotic Factors: Non-living components of an ecosystem (e.g., temperature, sunlight).
  • Biotic Factors: Living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals).
  • Carrying Capacity: Maximum population size an environment can support.
  • Exponential Growth: Population growth at a constant rate.
  • Logistic Growth: Population growth slows down and eventually stabilizes due to environmental limitations.
  • Survivorship Curve: Graph showing survival rates at each age.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis: Conversion of light energy to chemical energy (glucose).
  • Photosynthesis Equation: CO₂ + H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + O₂
  • Light-Dependent Reactions: Occur in thylakoids.
  • Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Occur in the stroma; converts CO₂ into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

Cell Processes

  • DNA replication must occur before mitotic cell division to maintain the same chromosome number in daughter cells.

Metric Conversions

  • King Henry Died By Drinking Chocolate Milk: Mnemonic for metric prefixes (kilo, hecto, deca, base unit, deci, centi, milli).

Energy Transfer

  • Pyramid of Energy: Depicts energy transfer between trophic levels (producers to tertiary consumers).

Other Key Concepts

  • Autotrophs: Organisms that produce their own food (e.g., plants).
  • Heterotrophs: Organisms that consume other organisms for energy (e.g., animals).
  • Herbivores: Eat only plants.
  • Carnivores: Eat only animals.
  • Omnivores: Eat both plants and animals.
  • Scavengers: Eat dead organisms.
  • Detritivores: Eat dead organic matter.
  • Decomposers: Break down dead organic matter.
  • Microscope Magnification: Total magnification = Eyepiece magnification × Objective magnification.
  • Pearson Correlation Coefficient (R-value): Measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables. (+1 strong positive, -1 strong negative).

Other

  • Microscope Field Diameter Calculation: (Magnification 1 × Diameter 1) = (Magnification 2 × Diameter 2)

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Test your understanding of cell structure and function, including the differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Explore the roles of various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes. This quiz covers key concepts in cellular biology and genetics.

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