Cell Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for the synthesis of proteins.

False (B)

Anaerobic respiration yields more ATP than aerobic respiration.

False (B)

The cell membrane is mainly composed of lipids and proteins.

True (A)

The Krebs cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs green light most effectively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lysosomes are responsible for the production of energy in the cell.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is converted into water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of interconnected sacs and tubules that are involved in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meiosis produces two identical daughter cells.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adaptations are traits that are acquired during an organism's lifetime.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The circulatory system is responsible for removing waste products from the body.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of transcription converts DNA into RNA.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection favors individuals with traits that enhance their survival and reproduction in a specific environment.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The nervous system is responsible for breaking down food into smaller molecules.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy flows through ecosystems in a cyclical manner.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biodiversity refers only to the variety of species in an area.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

Cell Membrane Function

Regulates entry and exit of substances, maintaining homeostasis.

Mitochondria

Powerhouses that generate ATP through cellular respiration.

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Glycolysis

First step of cellular respiration, breaking glucose into pyruvate.

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Krebs Cycle

Occurs in mitochondria, produces energy molecules from pyruvate.

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Photosynthesis

Process that converts light energy into glucose in plants.

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Light-Dependent Reactions

Capture light energy to produce ATP and NADPH during photosynthesis.

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Gene

Segments of DNA that carry instructions for proteins.

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Mitosis

Process of cell division producing two identical daughter cells.

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Meiosis

Cell division producing gametes with half the chromosomes.

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Natural selection

Driving force of evolution favoring survival traits.

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Adaptation

Traits that help organisms survive and reproduce.

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Ecology

Study of interactions between organisms and environment.

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Biodiversity

Variety of life in an area, including genetic and species diversity.

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Chromosomes

Structures of tightly packaged DNA that carry genes.

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Study Notes

Cell Structure and Function

  • Cells are the fundamental units of life, exhibiting diverse shapes and sizes.
  • Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, unlike eukaryotic cells which have them.
  • Essential components of animal cells include a nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane.
  • Plant cells additionally possess chloroplasts and a rigid cell wall.
  • Cell membranes control the passage of substances into and out of the cell, maintaining internal stability (homeostasis).
  • The nucleus, housing DNA, directs cellular activities and reproduction.
  • Mitochondria are the cell's energy producers, generating power through cellular respiration.
  • Ribosomes assemble proteins based on DNA instructions.
  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is involved in protein synthesis and lipid production.
  • The Golgi apparatus processes and packages proteins for secretion.
  • Lysosomes contain enzymes for breaking down cellular waste.
  • Cytoplasm is the cell's fluid environment, supporting and suspending cellular components.

Cellular Respiration

  • Cellular respiration is a process that degrades glucose to create ATP, the cell's energy source.
  • Aerobic respiration utilizes oxygen, producing a substantial amount of ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen, generating less ATP.
  • Cellular respiration involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.
  • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm, breaking down glucose into pyruvate.
  • The Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) takes place in the mitochondria, producing energy-carrying molecules.
  • The electron transport chain occurs within the inner mitochondrial membrane, producing a significant amount of ATP.
  • Fermentation is an anaerobic pathway following glycolysis in some organisms.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy, creating glucose.
  • The process occurs within chloroplasts, specifically the thylakoid membranes.
  • Light-dependent reactions capture light energy, converting it into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH).
  • Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) utilize ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
  • Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in capturing light energy for photosynthesis.
  • Factors impacting photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature.

Genetics

  • Genes are DNA segments that dictate protein production.
  • DNA replication creates identical copies of DNA.
  • Transcription converts DNA into RNA.
  • Translation converts RNA into proteins.
  • Mutations are changes in DNA sequences, potentially altering traits.
  • Mendel's laws describe trait inheritance through dominant and recessive alleles.
  • Chromosomes are tightly packaged DNA structures that carry genes.
  • Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells.
  • Meiosis produces gametes (sperm and egg) with half the number of chromosomes.

Evolution

  • Evolution is the change in inheritable traits of biological populations across generations.
  • Natural selection drives evolution, favoring traits improving survival and reproduction in a specific environment.
  • Adaptations are traits enhancing survival and reproduction in a particular environment.
  • Common descent implies all organisms share a common ancestor.
  • Evidence of evolution includes fossil records, comparative anatomy, biogeography, and molecular biology.
  • Speciation forms new and distinct species during evolution.

Ecology

  • Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
  • Biotic factors are living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, microbes).
  • Abiotic factors are non-living ecosystem components (e.g., sunlight, water, temperature).
  • Ecosystems range from individuals to populations, communities, and the biosphere.
  • Energy flows in one direction from producers to consumers in ecosystems.
  • Nutrient cycles describe the movement of essential elements within ecosystems.
  • Biodiversity encompasses the variety of life, including genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity.

Organ Systems

  • Animals have organ systems working together to maintain homeostasis.
  • Examples include the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, excretory, and endocrine systems.
  • Organ systems perform specific functions, such as digestion, respiration, circulation, and responses to stimuli.

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Description

Explore the fundamental components of cells, including the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Learn about the various organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, and their roles in maintaining cellular functions. This quiz will test your understanding of how these structures contribute to the life of a cell.

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