Cell Structure and Function

Study Notes

Dominant and Recessive Traits

Dominant traits are expressed even if only one copy of the gene is present.
Recessive traits are only expressed if two copies of the gene are present.

Genotype

Genotype refers to the genetic makeup of an organism, specifically the combination of alleles an individual carries for a particular trait.

Mendelian and Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns

Mendelian inheritance follows the principles described by Gregor Mendel, where traits are determined by single genes with distinct alleles.
Non-Mendelian inheritance deviates from the classic Mendelian patterns, often involving multiple genes, interactions between genes, or environmental influences.

Mutation

Mutations refer to permanent changes in the DNA sequence, potentially leading to changes in the function of genes and proteins.

Role of Chromosomes

Chromosomes are structures within cells that contain the genetic material, DNA, in a tightly organized form.
They carry genes, which are units of inheritance responsible for specific traits.

Role of Mitochondria

Mitochondria are organelles responsible for producing energy in eukaryotic cells through cellular respiration.
They convert glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of cells.

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, having their genetic material located in a region called the nucleoid.
Eukaryotic cells possess a true nucleus that encloses their genetic material, as well as other membrane-bound organelles that perform specialized functions.

Evidence of Evolution

Fossil record: Provides evidence of extinct organisms and how life forms changed over time.
Biogeography: Distribution of species across different continents.
Comparative anatomy: Similarities in the structural features of different organisms, reflecting shared ancestry.
Molecular biology: Genetic similarities between different species point to common ancestry.
Direct observation: Evolution can be observed in real-time, such as in bacteria developing resistance to antibiotics.

Microevolution

Microevolution refers to the change in the genetic makeup of a population over generations.
It's a small-scale change that occurs within a population.

Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum.
This organelle plays a crucial role in the secretion of cell products and the formation of lysosomes.

Role of Genes

Genes carry the instructions for building and maintaining an organism.
They dictate the sequence of amino acids in proteins, which are responsible for numerous functions within cells and the organism as a whole.

Natural Selection

Natural selection is the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
It acts on the variation within populations, favoring advantageous traits that increase survival and reproductive success.

Cell Wall

The cell wall is a rigid structure found outside the cell membrane of plant cells, providing support and protection.
Composed primarily of cellulose, it gives plants their structural integrity and helps maintain their shape.

Description

Explore the fundamental components of cells, which are essential building blocks of life. This quiz covers the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the key organelles found in eukaryotic cells. Test your knowledge on their functions and the role they play in maintaining homeostasis.