Cell Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the mitochondria?

  • Cell signaling
  • Waste management
  • Energy generation (correct)
  • Protein synthesis

Which type of cell lacks a true nucleus?

  • Eukaryotic cells
  • Prokaryotic cells (correct)
  • Differentiated cells
  • Stem cells

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  • Protein synthesis
  • Cell signaling
  • Lipid synthesis
  • Protein modification and transport (correct)

What is the process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

<p>Meiosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of lysosomes?

<p>Waste management (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nucleus?

<p>Control center of the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for cells responding to internal and external stimuli?

<p>Response to Stimuli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

<p>Mitosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Cell Structure

  • Plasma membrane: thin layer of lipid and protein molecules that surrounds the cell
  • Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes take place
  • Nucleus: control center of the cell where DNA is stored
  • Mitochondria: organelles responsible for generating energy for the cell
  • Endoplasmic reticulum: network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport
  • Ribosomes: small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis takes place
  • Lysosomes: membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes and help break down waste and foreign substances
  • Golgi apparatus: complex of flattened sacs and tubules that process and modify proteins and lipids

Cell Functions

  • Metabolism: cells carry out various chemical reactions to maintain homeostasis and energy production
  • Growth and Development: cells divide and differentiate to form new tissues and organs
  • Response to Stimuli: cells respond to internal and external stimuli to maintain homeostasis
  • Reproduction: cells reproduce to produce new cells and maintain tissue integrity
  • Waste Management: cells remove waste products and recycle nutrients

Cell Types

  • Prokaryotic cells: lack a true nucleus and are typically small and simple in structure (e.g., bacteria)
  • Eukaryotic cells: have a true nucleus and are typically larger and more complex in structure (e.g., plants, animals, fungi)

Cell Division

  • Mitosis: process of cell division that results in two daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
  • Meiosis: process of cell division that results in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell (occurs in gamete formation)

Cell Communication

  • Signaling pathways: mechanisms by which cells communicate with each other through molecular signals
  • Cell adhesion molecules: molecules that help cells stick together and maintain tissue structure

Cell Structure

  • Plasma membrane structure: phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, regulating what enters and leaves the cell
  • Cytoplasm functions: site of metabolic processes, including glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and fatty acid synthesis
  • Nucleus components: double membrane (nuclear envelope), nucleolus, chromatin, and nucleoplasm
  • Mitochondria features: inner membrane (cristae), matrix, and intermembrane space, generating ATP through cellular respiration
  • Endoplasmic reticulum functions: protein synthesis, lipid synthesis, and detoxification
  • Ribosomes structure: large and small subunits, site of protein synthesis
  • Lysosomes contents: digestive enzymes (e.g., acid hydrolases), breaking down waste and foreign substances
  • Golgi apparatus functions: protein modification, lipid synthesis, and vesicle formation

Cell Functions

  • Metabolic processes: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, and fermentation
  • Cell growth and development stages: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
  • Cellular responses: sensory perception, signal transduction, and effector response
  • Reproduction mechanisms: mitosis, meiosis, and binary fission
  • Waste management processes: autophagy, exocytosis, and apoptosis

Cell Types

  • Prokaryotic cell features: single circular chromosome, no true nucleus, peptidoglycan cell wall
  • Eukaryotic cell features: linear chromosomes, true nucleus, and diverse cell walls (e.g., plant cell walls)

Cell Division

  • Mitosis stages: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
  • Meiosis stages: interphase, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II
  • Meiosis outcomes: four haploid daughter cells, genetically unique and diverse

Cell Communication

  • Signaling pathway types: endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and synaptic
  • Cell adhesion molecule types: integrins, cadherins, and selectins, involved in cell-cell interactions and tissue structure

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