Cell Structure and Function
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the chloroplast?

  • To capture solar energy for photosynthesis (correct)
  • To control transport within the cell
  • To store substances
  • To produce proteins

    • Which organelle is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

  • Ribosome (correct)
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum

    • What distinguishes the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  • Smooth ER is involved in detoxification, while rough ER is not
  • Rough ER contains ribosomes, smooth ER does not (correct)
  • Smooth ER is primarily involved in photosynthesis
  • Rough ER stores substances, smooth ER captures solar energy

    • What is the primary role of the vacuole in plant cells?

    <p>To store substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unique function of nitroplast discovered in 2024?

    <p>To aid in nitrogen-fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of transport requires energy and moves substances against the concentration gradient?

    <p>Active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is specifically known as 'cellular drinking'?

    <p>Pinocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in terms of homeostasis?

    <p>To regulate the entry and exit of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which solution will a cell swell and potentially burst due to water influx?

    <p>Hypotonic solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance is produced during cellular respiration that is commonly used for energy?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of passive transport?

    <p>It occurs with the concentration gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes phagocytosis?

    <p>Engulfing large particles or cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

    <p>It shrivels due to water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product formed when 3-PGA molecules receive energy from ATP and electrons from NADPH?

    <p>G3P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles in meiosis?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase do chromosmes coil and condense, and the spindle apparatus begins to appear?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the S phase of interphase?

    <p>DNA replication takes place</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of RNA polymerase during transcription?

    <p>It binds to the promoter region and unwinds DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ATP during the regeneration phase of the Calvin cycle?

    <p>To convert G3P into RuBP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of transcription does RNA polymerase add RNA nucleotides to form an RNA strand?

    <p>Elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do daughter cells produced by mitosis compare to the mother cell?

    <p>They are genetically identical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the termination phase of transcription?

    <p>A terminator sequence is reached, completing RNA synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs immediately after the separation of the centromere during anaphase?

    <p>Spindle fibers pull centromeres toward centrioles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In translation, what role does the ribosome play?

    <p>It assembles around mRNA to facilitate protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marks the end of the telophase stage?

    <p>Cytokinesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a genotype?

    <p>The genetic makeup composed of allele combinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells undergo division in mitosis?

    <p>Somatic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During meiosis I, what is the genetic composition of each daughter cell at the end of the division?

    <p>Haploid and genetically different from each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly defines a dominant allele?

    <p>An allele that expresses its trait even in the presence of a different allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are alleles?

    <p>Different versions of a same gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the conversion of RNA into a protein?

    <p>Translation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of biotechnology?

    <p>To develop or modify products for specific purposes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method utilizes guide RNA to direct cutting at specific DNA sequences?

    <p>CRISPR-Cas 9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recombinant DNA primarily associated with in biotechnology?

    <p>Transferring traits between unrelated organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does gene editing like TALENS function?

    <p>It creates proteins to bind to specific DNA sequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary applications of traditional biotechnology?

    <p>Fermentation processes using microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components aids in cutting specific DNA sequences in Zinc Finger Nucleases?

    <p>Engineered zinc finger proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic that distinguishes Archaea from Bacteria?

    <p>Lack of peptidoglycan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which taxonomic level is the most specific?

    <p>Species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from crossing pea plants with different traits?

    <p>Producing a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio in the F2 generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of naming system was developed by Carl Linnaeus?

    <p>Binomial nomenclature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the domains of life?

    <p>Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mnemonic can help remember the taxonomic hierarchy?

    <p>King Philip Came Over For Good Soup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kingdom is characterized by multicellular, autotrophic organisms with cellulose cell walls?

    <p>Plantae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method of classification emphasizes evolutionary relationships?

    <p>Phylogenetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following levels of the taxonomic hierarchy directly follows 'Order'?

    <p>Family</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group do eukaryotic, heterotrophic organisms without cell walls belong to?

    <p>Animalia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cell Structure and Function

    • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.
    • Cell → Tissue → Organ → System → Organism
    • Revised Cell Theory:
      • All organisms are composed of cells.
      • The cell is the basic unit of life.
      • All cells come from pre-existing cells.
    • Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells:
      • Prokaryotic cells:
        • No membrane-bound nucleus.
        • Cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
        • No membrane-bound organelles.
        • Have pili & fimbriae (for adhesion) and flagella (for propulsion).
        • Single-celled organisms.
        • Single circular chromosome.
      • Eukaryotic cells:
        • Membrane-bound nucleus.
        • Cell walls, if present, are made of cellulose (chitin in fungi).
        • Membrane-bound organelles (compartmentalization).
        • Have cilia or flagella (for movement).
        • Single or multicellular.
        • Multiple linear chromosomes.
        • More complex cells (e.g., plant and animal cells).

    Cell Organelles

    • Cell (plasma) membrane: phospholipid bilayer, protects, encloses, controls transport, maintains homeostasis.
    • Cytoplasm: fluid-like substance containing membrane-bound organelles performing various functions.
    • Cytoskeleton: provides internal structural support.
    • Ribosomes: produce proteins.
    • Nucleus: contains DNA, controls cellular activities.
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough/Smooth): site of chemical reactions, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism, and detoxification of poisons.
      • Rough ER: contains ribosomes
      • Smooth ER: lipid production
    • Golgi Body: packages and distributes products.
    • Lysosomes: digest excess products and food particles.
    • Mitochondria: transform energy through respiration.
    • Cell wall: rigid layer protecting and enclosing the cell (plant cells and some bacteria).
    • Chloroplast: captures solar energy for photosynthesis (plant cells, some algae).
    • Vacuole: stores substances.
    • Nitroplast: a new discovery in 2024 for nitrogen fixation, formed via primary endosymbiosis.

    Building Blocks of Life

    • Carbohydrates: organic compounds (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen).
      • Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.
    • Lipids: class of large biomolecules not formed through polymerization.
      • Diverse structures, non-polar.
      • Energy storage.

    Cellular Respiration

    • Breaking down glucose into energy in ATP form.
    • C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Chemical Energy (in ATP)
    • Stages:
      • Glycolysis (anaerobic, in cytoplasm):
        • Glucose broken down to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH.
      • Citric Acid Cycle (aerobic, in mitochondrial matrix):
        • Pyruvate further broken down, producing CO2, ATP, and electron carriers.
      • Oxidative Phosphorylation (aerobic, in inner mitochondrial membrane):
        • Electron carriers (NADH, FADH2) release energy producing ATP through chemiosmosis and electron transport chain.

    Photosynthesis

    • Process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy (carbohydrates).
    • Chloroplast: site of photosynthesis, contains chlorophyll (green pigment).
    • Light-dependent reactions (in thylakoid membrane):
      • Solar energy converted to chemical energy (ATP, NADPH).
      • Water split, releasing O2.
    • Light-independent reactions (Calvin Cycle, in stroma):
      • CO2, ATP, and NADPH used to synthesize glucose.

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis: produces two identical diploid daughter cells.
    • Meiosis: produces four genetically distinct haploid daughter cells.

    DNA and RNA

    • DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction.
    • RNA: Ribonucleic acid, gene expression, regulation, protein synthesis, 3 types of RNA: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.

    Modern Classification Systems

    • Cladistics: classification based on common ancestry.
    • Phylogenetics: classification based on evolutionary relationships and genetic information.

    Patterns of Inheritance

    • Dominant allele: expresses its trait even in presence of other allele.
    • Recessive allele: expresses its trait only with another same allele.
    • Codominance: both alleles expressed fully.
    • Incomplete dominance: heterozygous phenotype is intermediate.
    • Mitochondrial inheritance: traits passed from only mother to offspring through mitochondria in the egg.
    • Polygenic inheritance: multiple genes control traits; continuous range of phenotypes.
    • Multifactorial inheritance: influenced by genes and environmental factors.

    Biotechnology

    • Uses biological systems, organisms, or derivatives to develop or modify products/processes.
      • Traditional biotechnology (plant/animal breeding, fermentation).
      • Modern biotechnology (recombinant DNA technology, molecular markers, gene editing).
      • Genetic engineering- process of transferring genes.
      • Gene editing- alteration of DNA sequences using techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 or TALENS.

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