Bio vocab quiz unit 2

• A cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit in living organisms.

Cell Structures

• Cell walls are additional protective and supportive layers found outside the cell membrane in plant cells, composed of cellulose.
• The cell membrane is the cell's boundary, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.
• A central vacuole stores metabolic waste, enzymes, and water.
• Centrioles, mainly in animal cells, aid in cell division.
• Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, facilitate photosynthesis, and produce glucose.
• Cilia are short, hair-like structures on eukaryotes used for movement.
• Contractile vacuoles, used by protists, pump excess water out of the cell.
• Cytoplasm is a gel-like substance, mainly water, filling the cell and housing organelles.
• The cytoskeleton provides cell shape, structure, and assists in organelle movement.
• The endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear membrane and functions in transport and can be rough or smooth.
• Eyespots sense light.
• Flagella are structures used for movement.
• The Golgi apparatus stores, modifies, and packages proteins.
• Lysosomes are the cell's waste disposal system, containing digestive enzymes.
• Mitochondria are the site of cellular respiration, producing ATP, have a double membrane, and contain their own DNA.
• The nucleolus, found within the nucleus, produces ribosomes.
• The nucleus houses the cell's DNA/chromosomes.
• Organelles are structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
• A phospholipid bilayer is a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules forming a cell membrane.
• Plasmids are small DNA rings carrying accessory genes separate from the bacterial chromosome.
• Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, either attached to rough ER or free in the cytoplasm, and made in the nucleolus.
• Vacuoles are organelles that store food, water, and waste.
• Vesicles are small membrane sacs for transporting products into, out of, and within a cell.

Types of Cells and Organisms

• Eukaryotes are cells possessing a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Prokaryotes are bacterial cells lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
• Multicellular organisms consist of many cells.
• Unicellular organisms consist of a single cell.

Tissues and Organs

• Tissues are groups of similar cells performing specific functions.
• Organs are body structures composed of different tissues working together.

Movement and Feeding

• Pseudopods, or "false feet," are extensions used for movement and feeding.