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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the term for the process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy?
What organelle is responsible for generating energy through cellular respiration?
What is the site of protein synthesis in the cell?
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What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?
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What is the term for the movement of molecules across the cell membrane?
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What is the term for the process by which cells generate energy from glucose?
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What is the term for the regulatory mechanisms that ensure the cell cycle progresses correctly?
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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in a cell?
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Which organelle is involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids?
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What is the process by which cells move molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration?
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What is the function of centrioles in a cell?
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What is the term for the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane?
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What is the process by which cells divide into four non-identical daughter cells?
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a cell?
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What is the term for the process by which cells communicate with each other?
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Study Notes
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
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Cell membrane (plasma membrane): Semi-permeable membrane separating the cell from its environment
- Composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- Regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell
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Cytoplasm: Jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane
- Contains water, salts, sugars, and various organelles
- Site of many metabolic processes
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Nucleus: Control center of the cell
- Contains most of the cell's genetic material (DNA)
- Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope
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Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration
- Have their own DNA and ribosomes
- Found in the cytoplasm
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): Network of membranous tubules and cisternae
- Involved in protein synthesis, transport, and modification
- Rough ER has ribosomes attached, while smooth ER does not
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Ribosomes: Small organelles found throughout the cytoplasm
- Site of protein synthesis
- Composed of RNA and proteins
Cell Functions
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Metabolism: Chemical reactions that occur within the cell to maintain life
- Includes anabolic (building) and catabolic (breakdown) reactions
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Cell signaling: Communication between cells through signaling molecules (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters)
- Allows cells to respond to changes in their environment
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Cell division: Process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells
- Includes mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
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Cell transport: Movement of molecules across the cell membrane
- Passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (requiring energy)
Cell Cycle
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Interphase: Longest stage of the cell cycle
- Consists of G1 (growth and preparation), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for cell division)
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Mitosis: Nuclear division resulting in two identical daughter cells
- Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
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Checkpoint: Regulatory mechanisms that ensure the cell cycle progresses correctly
- Monitors for DNA damage, proper chromosome alignment, and other cellular processes
Cellular Processes
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Photosynthesis: Process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy
- Occurs in chloroplasts of plant cells and some algae
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Cellular respiration: Process by which cells generate energy from glucose
- Includes glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
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Protein synthesis: Process by which cells create proteins from amino acids
- Involves transcription (mRNA synthesis) and translation (protein assembly)
Cell Structure
- Cell membrane is semi-permeable, separating cell from environment, and regulates molecule movement in and out of cell
- Cell membrane is composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
- Cytoplasm is jelly-like substance inside cell membrane, containing water, salts, sugars, and organelles, and site of many metabolic processes
- Nucleus is control center of cell, containing most of cell's genetic material (DNA), and surrounded by nuclear envelope
- Mitochondria are organelles responsible for generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, have their own DNA and ribosomes, and are found in cytoplasm
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is network of membranous tubules and cisternae, involved in protein synthesis, transport, and modification, with rough ER having ribosomes attached and smooth ER not
- Ribosomes are small organelles found throughout cytoplasm, site of protein synthesis, and composed of RNA and proteins
Cell Functions
- Metabolism includes anabolic (building) and catabolic (breakdown) reactions, maintaining life
- Cell signaling is communication between cells through signaling molecules (e.g., hormones, neurotransmitters), allowing cells to respond to changes in environment
- Cell division is process by which cell divides into two daughter cells, including mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
- Cell transport is movement of molecules across cell membrane, including passive transport (diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (requiring energy)
Cell Cycle
- Interphase is longest stage of cell cycle, consisting of G1 (growth and preparation), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparation for cell division)
- Mitosis is nuclear division resulting in two identical daughter cells, consisting of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
- Checkpoint is regulatory mechanism that ensures cell cycle progresses correctly, monitoring for DNA damage, proper chromosome alignment, and other cellular processes
Cellular Processes
- Photosynthesis is process by which cells convert light energy into chemical energy, occurring in chloroplasts of plant cells and some algae
- Cellular respiration is process by which cells generate energy from glucose, including glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
- Protein synthesis is process by which cells create proteins from amino acids, involving transcription (mRNA synthesis) and translation (protein assembly)
Cell Biology
Cell Structure
- Cell membrane is semi-permeable, separating the cell from its environment while allowing certain substances to pass through
- Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance inside the cell membrane where metabolic processes, like cellular respiration, occur
- Nucleus is the control center of the cell where DNA is stored, regulating cell growth, division, and function
- Mitochondria generate energy for the cell through cellular respiration, converting glucose into ATP
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and cisternae involved in protein synthesis and transport
- Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis, translating mRNA into amino acid chains
- Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, breaking down and recycling cellular waste and foreign substances
- Golgi apparatus is a complex of flattened sacs involved in protein modification, sorting, and transport
Cellular Organelles
- Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy
- Cilia are hair-like structures involved in movement, sensing, and communication in eukaryotic cells
- Flagella are whip-like structures involved in movement, helping cells swim and navigate
- Centrioles are involved in the formation of cilia and flagella, playing a crucial role in cell division and movement
- Peroxisomes are organelles involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids, regulating cellular metabolism
- Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs involved in storage, digestion, and waste management in eukaryotic cells
Cellular Processes
- Cell division is the process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells, involving mitosis or meiosis
- Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, while meiosis results in four non-identical daughter cells
- Cellular respiration is the process by which cells generate energy from glucose, involving aerobic or anaerobic respiration
- Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy
- Protein synthesis is the process by which cells create proteins from amino acids, involving transcription and translation
- Cell signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other, regulating cell function and behavior
Cell Transport
- Passive transport involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without energy input
- Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from high to low concentration, while osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
- Active transport involves the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, requiring energy input
- Carrier proteins help transport molecules across the cell membrane, while pumping involves the use of energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradient
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Description
Test your knowledge of cell structure and function, including the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Learn about the components and roles of each organelle.
