Cell Structure and Function

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Questions and Answers

What is the orientation of phospholipid molecules in the plasma membrane?

  • Hydrophobic tails on both sides and hydrophilic heads in the middle
  • Hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads outside (correct)
  • Hydrophilic heads on both sides and hydrophobic tails in the middle
  • Hydrophobic tails toward the outside and hydrophilic heads inside

What prevents polar substances from crossing the plasma membrane?

  • The presence of glycophospholipids
  • The nonpolar nature of the hydrophobic ends (correct)
  • The presence of pores in the nuclear envelope
  • The hydrophilic nature of the phospholipid heads

What is the function of glycophospholipids embedded in the plasma membrane?

  • To synthesize proteins
  • To store genetic information
  • To regulate cell growth
  • To transport molecules across the membrane (correct)

What is the purpose of the nuclear envelope's pores?

<p>To allow molecules to move between nucleus and cytoplasm (A)</p>
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What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

<p>To synthesize proteins that are involved in all of the above (D)</p>
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Where are lipids and phospholipids synthesized?

<p>In the Golgi complex (D)</p>
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What is the primary function of microvilli in the intestine?

<p>To increase the surface area of the tissue (D)</p>
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What is the main difference between plants and animals in terms of nutrition?

<p>Plants are autotrophic, while animals are heterotrophic (D)</p>
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What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

<p>To act as a selective gatekeeper (A)</p>
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What type of interactions are responsible for membrane function?

<p>Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions (B)</p>
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What is the permeability of artificial membranes composed of pure phospholipid or phospholipid and cholesterol?

<p>Permeable to gases and small molecules, but impermeable to water and hydrophilic molecules (C)</p>
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What is the function of transport proteins in the membrane?

<p>To regulate the movement of substances into the cell (A)</p>
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What is the primary function of transporter proteins in cells?

<p>To specifically bind to substrate molecules and facilitate their transport (A)</p>
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Which type of molecules can cross the cell membrane through diffusion?

<p>Lipid-soluble molecules, gases, and urea (A)</p>
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What is the difference between facilitated diffusion and active transport?

<p>Active transport requires energy, while facilitated diffusion does not (D)</p>
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What is the purpose of gated channels in the cell membrane?

<p>To regulate the flow of charged substances (B)</p>
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How do voltage-gated channels open or close?

<p>When the ionic charge across the membrane changes (D)</p>
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What is the direction of facilitated diffusion?

<p>With the concentration gradient (B)</p>
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What is the characteristic of antiporter kinetics?

<p>Simultaneous transport of substrates in both directions (B)</p>
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What is the function of adenine nucleotide translocase in the mitochondria?

<p>To catalyze 1:1 exchange of ADP for ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane (B)</p>
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What is the direction of diffusion?

<p>From an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (D)</p>
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What is the effect of a steeper concentration gradient on the diffusion rate?

<p>Faster diffusion rate (A)</p>
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Which of the following molecules can diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer?

<p>Oxygen (C)</p>
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What is the requirement for simple diffusion?

<p>No use of transport proteins (D)</p>
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What is the outcome of meiosis?

<p>Four haploid daughter cells (D)</p>
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During which stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate?

<p>Anaphase I (C)</p>
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What is the stage of meiosis immediately preceding cytokinesis?

<p>Telophase II (A)</p>
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During which stage of meiosis do sister chromatids separate?

<p>Anaphase II (C)</p>
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How many chromosomes are present in the daughter cells of meiosis I?

<p>Half the number of the parent cell (B)</p>
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