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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
What is the primary function of the plasma membrane in a cell?
What is the term for the fluid that surrounds cells in the body?
What is the term for the fluid that surrounds cells in the body?
What is the approximate percentage of body water that is intracellular fluid?
What is the approximate percentage of body water that is intracellular fluid?
Which of the following is NOT a type of epithelial tissue?
Which of the following is NOT a type of epithelial tissue?
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What is the term for a group of similar cells that perform a specialized function?
What is the term for a group of similar cells that perform a specialized function?
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What is the primary function of the epithelium in the urinary system?
What is the primary function of the epithelium in the urinary system?
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Which type of epithelium is characterized by the presence of microvilli and goblet cells?
Which type of epithelium is characterized by the presence of microvilli and goblet cells?
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What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?
What is the primary function of the endocrine glands?
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Which type of connective tissue is highly vascular, except for cartilage?
Which type of connective tissue is highly vascular, except for cartilage?
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What is the primary function of adipose tissue?
What is the primary function of adipose tissue?
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Study Notes
Cell Structure
- The cell is the smallest basic and functional unit of living matter.
- Each cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane with selective permeability.
- The plasma membrane encloses organelles within a watery fluid called cytosol.
- The organelles present in a cell are: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and cytoskeleton.
- The cytosol and organelles together make up the cytoplasm.
Body Fluids
- The total body water is approximately 40L (60% of body weight).
- 30% (12L) of the body water is extracellular fluid (ECF), and 70% (28L) is intracellular fluid (ICF).
- ECF includes blood, plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, interstitial fluid, and other specialized fluids.
- Interstitial fluid is a medium for the diffusion of substances across cells to the blood and vice versa.
Tissue Definition
- A tissue is a group of similar cells, usually having similar embryonic origin and specialized function.
- There are four general types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial tissue is classified into two types: covering and lining epithelium, and glandular epithelium.
- Functions of epithelial tissue include: forming a selective barrier, aiding in the transfer of substances, secretion, and protection.
- Epithelial tissue can be classified based on the arrangement of layers and shape.
Covering and Lining Epithelium
- This type of epithelium covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, cavities, and ducts.
- It forms glands and consists of cells in a continuous sheet.
- It has an apical, basement, and lateral surfaces.
- It is avascular but has its own nerve supply.
Epithelial Tissue Examples
- Simple squamous epithelium is found lining heart and blood vessels (named endothelium).
- Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in organs that perform secretion and absorption functions (e.g., thyroid, kidneys).
- Simple columnar epithelium is found in the digestive tract and respiratory tracts.
Glandular Epithelium
- Glandular epithelium is a mass of cells adapted for secretion into ducts, onto a surface, or into blood.
- There are two types: endocrine (ductless) and exocrine.
Connective Tissue
- Connective tissue is the most widespread tissue in the body.
- It protects, binds together, supports, and strengthens other tissues.
- It stores energy reserves (fat) and insulates, and helps provide immunity.
- Blood and lymph are responsible for transport.
Types of Connective Tissue
- Embryonic connective tissue includes mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.
- Mature connective tissue includes loose connective tissue (areolar, adipose, reticular), dense connective tissue (dense regular and irregular, elastic), cartilage (elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage), bone (spongy and compact), and liquid connective tissue (blood and lymph).
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Description
This quiz covers the basic components of a cell, including the plasma membrane, organelles, and cytoplasm, and their roles in cellular activity.
