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Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason cell division occurs?
What is the primary reason cell division occurs?
- To increase the surface area to volume ratio (correct)
- To maintain a constant surface area to volume ratio
- To decrease the surface area to volume ratio
- To eliminate the surface area to volume ratio
During the S phase of interphase, the cell primarily focuses on growth and producing new organelles.
During the S phase of interphase, the cell primarily focuses on growth and producing new organelles.
False (B)
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
The structure that holds sister chromatids together is called the ________.
The structure that holds sister chromatids together is called the ________.
Match each phase of mitosis with its key event:
Match each phase of mitosis with its key event:
Which of the following structures is responsible for organizing and moving chromosomes during mitosis?
Which of the following structures is responsible for organizing and moving chromosomes during mitosis?
External regulators of the cell cycle are substances within the cell that respond to events occurring inside the cell.
External regulators of the cell cycle are substances within the cell that respond to events occurring inside the cell.
What is the process of programmed cell death called?
What is the process of programmed cell death called?
__________ are proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
__________ are proteins that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells.
What is a characteristic of a 'benign' tumor?
What is a characteristic of a 'benign' tumor?
A malignant tumor is a non-cancerous mass of cells that does not spread to other parts of the body.
A malignant tumor is a non-cancerous mass of cells that does not spread to other parts of the body.
What is the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function?
What is the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function?
__________ stem cells are able to develop into any type of cell in the body.
__________ stem cells are able to develop into any type of cell in the body.
Which type of stem cell is 'multipotent'?
Which type of stem cell is 'multipotent'?
Adult stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
Adult stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into any cell type in the body.
Match each checkpoint with its primary function:
Match each checkpoint with its primary function:
At which checkpoint does the cell make the decision to proceed with cell division or enter a resting phase?
At which checkpoint does the cell make the decision to proceed with cell division or enter a resting phase?
DNA wraps around ribosome proteins and condenses to form a chromosome.
DNA wraps around ribosome proteins and condenses to form a chromosome.
What does 'SA to V ratio' stand for in the context of cell size?
What does 'SA to V ratio' stand for in the context of cell size?
The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication is called the ________ phase.
The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for DNA replication is called the ________ phase.
Flashcards
SA to V ratio
SA to V ratio
The ratio of a cell's surface area to its volume. A high ratio is more efficient for transport.
Why does cell division occur?
Why does cell division occur?
Cell division occurs for growth, repair, and reproduction.
Interphase
Interphase
The stage of the cell cycle where the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and prepares for division. Consists of G1, S, and G2 phases.
G1 Phase
G1 Phase
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S Phase
S Phase
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G2 Phase
G2 Phase
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Mitosis
Mitosis
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Prophase
Prophase
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Metaphase
Metaphase
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Anaphase
Anaphase
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Telophase
Telophase
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Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis
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Centriole
Centriole
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Centromere
Centromere
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Spindle fiber
Spindle fiber
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Daughter cells
Daughter cells
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Sister chromatids
Sister chromatids
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Internal regulators
Internal regulators
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External regulators
External regulators
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Study Notes
- Cell size is limited by the surface area to volume ratio
- Cell division occurs for growth, repair, and reproduction
Chromosomes
- DNA wraps around histone proteins
- This condenses to form a chromosome
Cell Division: Interphase
- This is preparation for division and includes:
- G1 phase: Cell growth and normal functions
- S phase: DNA replication
- G2 phase: Preparation for mitosis
Cell Division: Mitosis
- Prophase:
- Chromosomes become visible
- The nuclear envelope disappears
- Spindle fibers form
- Metaphase:
- Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
- Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres
- Anaphase:
- Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
- Telophase:
- Chromosomes begin to uncoil
- Nuclear envelopes reform
- Cytokinesis:
- The cytoplasm divides, forming two identical daughter cells
Structures to Know
- Centriole: Organizes spindle fibers
- Centromere: Holds sister chromatids together
- Spindle fiber: Moves chromosomes during cell division
- Daughter cells: The result of cell division
- Sister chromatids: Identical copies of a chromosome
Regulation
- Internal regulators: Respond to events inside the cell
- External regulators: Respond to events outside the cell
- Apoptosis: Programmed cell death, occurring in three steps
Checkpoints
- G1 checkpoint: Checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage
- G2 checkpoint: Checks for DNA replication and damage
- M checkpoint: Checks for chromosome attachment to spindle fibers
Cyclins
- Proteins that regulate the cell cycle
Cancer
- Results from uncontrolled cell growth
Tumors
- Benign tumor: Non-cancerous and does not spread
- Malignant tumor: Cancerous and can spread to other parts of the body
Development
- Embryo: Early stage of development
- Differentiation: Cells become specialized in structure and function
Stem Cells
- Unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop
- Embryonic stem cells (pluripotent): Can become any type of cell in the body
- Adult stem cells (multipotent): Can become a limited number of cell types
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