Cell Structure and Body Organization

Cell Structure and Function

• Cells are the basic building blocks of life, named after the small rooms monks inhabited. Cell is a characteristic of all living organisms.
• Organelles are structures within a cell.
• Plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls, animal cells do not.
• The cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance within a cell.
• The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell.
• The nucleus is the control center of the cell.
• The vacuole stores food waste.
• Chloroplasts give plants their green color. (Use the plant cell diagram from your previous tests).
• Cell walls provide support and structure to plant cells.

Body Organization

• Organs are groups of tissues working together.
• Body organization: Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
• Red blood cells transport oxygen.
• Nerve tissue transmits messages between the brain and other body parts.
• The pathway of food: Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum.
• Villi in the small intestine absorb nutrients.
• Phloem transports sugars in plants.
• Xylem is a plant tissue.
• Alveoli facilitate oxygen transfer between respiratory and circulatory systems.
• Capillaries, veins, and arteries transport oxygen and nutrients, remove waste like carbon dioxide.
• Diffusion is the movement of water or particles from high to low concentration.
• Semi-permeable membranes allow small particles through but not large ones.
• The circulatory system gets nutrients from the digestive system .

Body Systems and Functions

• Respiratory System: Alveoli, bronchi, trachea. Affected by asthma and smoking.
• Digestive System: Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, villi (in small intestine), xylem (in plants)
• Circulatory System: Red blood cells transport oxygen, capillaries, veins, arteries. Affected by exercise.
• Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, involved when feeling hungry.
• Excretory System: Kidneys (affected by diabetes), skin, liver, lungs remove wastes (urine, carbon dioxide, feces).
• Endocrine System: Diabetes affects the pancreas
• Immune System: White blood cells fight infection.

Living Organisms

• Seven characteristics of living organisms: Cells, adaptations, reproduction, growth, energy use, response to environment, waste production
• Waste products include carbon dioxide, feces, and urine.

Cellular Processes

• Diffusion is the movement of particles or water from high to low concentration.
• Photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen.

Disease and Treatment

• Diabetes affects the kidneys (excretory system), pancreas, and can cause gastroparesis (digestive issues).
• Treatment includes lifestyle changes (diet), and dialysis .
• Asthma affects alveoli, bronchi, trachea.
• Peptic ulcers affect the stomach (and potentially epiglottis, pancreas, gall bladder).

Microscope Use

• (Details on microscope usage are not provided in this text section).

Important Considerations

• The human body's complex design and functions suggest divine creation.
• Exercise improves blood oxygen-carrying capacity, blood pressure, and circulatory efficiency.

Explore the fundamental concepts of cell structure and body organization in this quiz. Understand the roles of various organelles, from cell membranes to chloroplasts, and how they contribute to overall functionality. Additionally, learn how cells form tissues, organs, and ultimately organ systems within living organisms.