Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?
Which process requires cellular energy to transport molecules across the cell membrane?
What is the average number of cells in an adult human?
Which of the following is NOT a process associated with cellular functions?
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Which of the following best describes facilitated transport?
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What process allows molecules to move from low concentration to high concentration with the use of energy?
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Which structure is known as the master control center of the cell?
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What is the main function of rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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Which organelle is responsible for packaging and processing proteins?
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During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles?
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Which of the following is NOT a step in cellular respiration?
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What is the primary role of mitochondria within a cell?
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What are cilia primarily used for?
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What is the purpose of the X and Y axis adjustment knobs on a microscope?
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Which type of objective lens provides the largest field of view?
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How do you calculate the total magnification of a microscope?
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What is the function of the iris diaphragm in a microscope?
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Which of the following is a proper handling technique for a microscope?
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What is the purpose of using oil with the oil immersion objective?
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Which lens is designed to indicate the relative power of magnification?
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What type of light source is best used with natural light in microscopy?
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What is the primary function of the coarse adjustment knob in a microscope?
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Which part of the microscope allows for tilting at a desired angle?
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Which part serves as the main support system for the microscope?
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What is the function of the stage clips in a microscope?
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Which component of the microscope bears the objectives at one end and the eyepiece at the other?
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What is the purpose of the fine adjustment knob in a microscope?
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What do mechanically support in the microscope include?
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Which part of the microscope adjusts the focus for each eye?
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Study Notes
Cell Transport Mechanisms
- Active Transport: Movement of substances across the cell membrane with the help of membrane proteins, from low to high concentration, requiring cellular energy (ATP).
- Passive Transport: Molecules move via diffusion across the cell membrane from high to low concentration without the use of ATP.
- Facilitated Transport: Utilizes membrane proteins to aid the movement of substances from high to low concentration, also without ATP.
Cell Structure
- Cytoplasm: A jelly-like substance within the cell that supports organelles.
- Nucleus: The control center of the cell, responsible for regulating activities and containing genetic material.
- Centrosomes: Located near the nucleus, involved in organizing microtubules during mitosis.
- Ribosomes: Sites for protein synthesis, can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
- Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER): Involved in protein synthesis and modification; has ribosomes on its surface.
- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER): Responsible for lipid synthesis; lacks ribosomes.
- Golgi Apparatus: Functions as the packaging center for proteins, preparing them for cellular secretion and carbohydrate synthesis.
- Lysosomes: Known as the "suicide bag" of the cell; contains enzymes for digestion and waste processing.
- Cilia & Flagella: Cilia are short, hair-like structures for moving fluids across the cell surface; flagella are longer, facilitating cell movement, exemplified by sperm cells.
- Mitochondria: Often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell, involved in energy production through cellular respiration.
- Cell (Plasma) Membrane: Serves as a barrier and regulates the entry and exit of substances.
Cellular Respiration
- Definition: The process through which cells convert glucose into energy.
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Main Steps:
- Glycolysis
- Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)
- Oxidative Phosphorylation utilizing the electron transport chain.
Cell Division
- Concept: The process by which a cell divides to produce two new cells.
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Types of Cell Division:
- Binary Fission: A method of division used by prokaryotes.
- Mitosis: A process used by eukaryotic cells for growth and tissue repair.
- Meiosis: A specialized form of cell division that produces gametes in eukaryotes.
Mitosis Phases
- Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes.
- Prometaphase: Nuclear envelope breaks down; spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plate.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Nuclear membranes re-form around each set of chromosomes.
- Cytokinesis: Cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells.
Zoology Overview
- Definition: The scientific study of animal behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution, encompassing both living and extinct species.
The Scientific Method
- Process: Involves systematic observation and experimentation to explore hypotheses, with practical applications like the study of a pencil.
Compound Microscope
- Function: An optical instrument designed to magnify small structures not visible to the naked eye.
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Parts:
- Mechanical: Supports and adjusts microscope components.
- Optical: Enlarges specimens with ocular and objective lenses.
- Illuminating: Provides light via mirrors or light sources.
Proper Microscope Handling
- Utilize both hands for carrying.
- Avoid touching lenses and clean them with lens paper when necessary.
- Maintain cleanliness of the stage.
- Store properly by removing immersion oil and setting scanning objectives.
Cell Characteristics
- Basic Unit of Life: The average adult possesses nearly 100 trillion cells, with around 200 distinct types demonstrating varying shapes and sizes.
- Cell Functions: Involve essential processes like nutrition, digestion, respiration, and reproduction.
Cell Classification
- Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (e.g., bacteria, archaea).
- Eukaryotic Cells: Contain a nucleus and organelles (e.g., plants, animals, fungi, protists).
Types of Eukaryotic Cells
- Plant Cells: Have cell walls, chloroplasts, and large vacuoles.
- Animal Cells: Lack cell walls and chloroplasts, contain smaller vacuoles.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts in cell structure and the process of active transport. You'll learn about essential cellular components like the nucleus, ribosomes, and centrosomes, along with how substances move across the membrane using energy. Test your knowledge on these foundational biology topics!
