Cell Specialization and Types
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Questions and Answers

What is the estimated number of cells in the human body?

  • Million trillion
  • One trillion
  • Hundred trillion
  • Ten trillion (correct)

    • What is the process of producing specialized cells called?

  • Cell division
  • Stem cell formation
  • Differentiation (correct)
  • Mitosis

    • What is the characteristic of cell division in stem cells?

  • Asymmetric, producing different daughter cells (correct)
  • Symmetric, producing identical daughter cells
  • Symmetric, producing different daughter cells
  • Asymmetric, producing identical daughter cells

    • What is the term for cells that are capable of producing any cell type?

    <p>Totipotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many different types of specialized cells are found in humans?

    <p>Over 200</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cells that are capable of producing a restricted set of related cells?

    <p>Multi-potent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells?

    <p>Mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of differentiation?

    <p>A one-way process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cells that are undifferentiated and can produce differentiated cells?

    <p>Stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event occurs in stem cells when one or more cell surface receptors are activated?

    <p>The process of differentiation starts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

    <p>Euchromatin is lightly packed, while heterochromatin is tightly packed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a specific gene is expressed or silenced in a cell?

    <p>The structure of chromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of histone acetylation on gene expression?

    <p>It leads to euchromatin regions and increased gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of differentiation signals in stem cells?

    <p>To determine the type of differentiated cell to produce</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to genes in stem cells as they become differentiated?

    <p>More genes become silenced in heterochromatin regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enzymes in the switch between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

    <p>They attach methyl or acetyl groups to histone proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of DNA methylation on gene expression?

    <p>It silences genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is inherited by daughter cells following mitosis?

    <p>Epigenetic states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between stem cells and differentiated cells in terms of chromatin structure?

    <p>Stem cells have more euchromatin, while differentiated cells have more heterochromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cell surface receptors in stem cells?

    <p>To transmit differentiation signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of histone methylation in stem cells?

    <p>To either increase or decrease gene expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of euchromatin in stem cells?

    <p>Lightly packed, making it accessible for transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of histone acetylation on chromatin structure?

    <p>Loose packing, making it accessible for transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the specialist function of a differentiated cell?

    <p>The set of genes accessible in euchromatin regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of DNA methylation in gene expression?

    <p>To silence genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the structure of chromatin during differentiation?

    <p>More genes become silenced in heterochromatin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of enzymes in chromatin remodeling?

    <p>To attach methyl or acetyl groups to DNA or histone proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of heterochromatin in stem cells?

    <p>Tightly packed, making it difficult to transcribe genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the epigenetic states of stem cells during mitosis?

    <p>They are inherited by daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the existence of multiple types of specialized cells in the human body?

    <p>To provide a range of functions to maintain homeostasis and respond to environmental stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of stem cells is capable of producing any cell type within a major lineage?

    <p>Pluripotent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of asymmetric cell division in stem cells?

    <p>Two different daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of differentiation?

    <p>It is a one-way process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stem cells in the human body?

    <p>To produce differentiated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of producing specialized cells from stem cells?

    <p>Differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells?

    <p>Totipotent stem cells can produce any cell type, while pluripotent stem cells can only produce cells within a major lineage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cell division in stem cells?

    <p>Two different daughter cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of all stem cells?

    <p>They are undifferentiated and can produce differentiated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cellular Composition

    • Human body composed of approximately ten trillion cells
    • Over 200 different types of specialized cells
    • Each cell contains the same instructions as all other cells

    Cell Types

    • Bone cells
    • Venom glands, ducts, and venom secreting cells
    • Eye cells (including chemical sensing cells and heat sensing cells)
    • Epithelial cells
    • Muscle cells
    • Nerve cells
    • Blood vessels

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis generally produces two identical daughter cells
    • Cell division in stem cells is asymmetric, producing two different daughter cells

    Stem Cells

    • Undifferentiated cells that produce differentiated cells
    • Capable of producing many types of differentiated cells
    • Capable of self-renewal
    • Types of stem cells:
      • Totipotent: capable of producing any cell type
      • Pluripotent: capable of producing any cell within a major lineage
      • Multi-potent: capable of producing a restricted set of related cells

    Differentiation

    • Process of producing specialized cells
    • One-way process, cells cannot return to being stem cells
    • Cells receive instructions in the form of differentiation signals
    • Signals are received via cell surface receptors, leading to changes in gene expression

    Chromatin and Gene Expression

    • Euchromatin: lightly packed, accessible for transcription
    • Heterochromatin: tightly packed, difficult to transcribe genes
    • In stem cells, most DNA is in euchromatin, making most genes available for transcription
    • As cells differentiate, more genes become silenced in heterochromatin regions

    Epigenetic States

    • Switch between euchromatin and heterochromatin controlled by enzymes
    • Enzymes attach methyl or acetyl groups to DNA or histone proteins
    • DNA methylation silences genes
    • Histone acetylation leads to euchromatin regions and increased gene expression
    • Histone methylation can increase or decrease gene expression depending on the modified histone protein
    • Epigenetic states can be inherited by daughter cells following mitosis

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    Description

    Discover the different types of specialized cells in the human body, from bone cells to epithelial cells. Learn about mitosis and how a single fertilized oocyte develops into various cell types. Test your knowledge of cellular biology!

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