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Questions and Answers
What is the estimated number of cells in the human body?
What is the process of producing specialized cells called?
What is the characteristic of cell division in stem cells?
What is the term for cells that are capable of producing any cell type?
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How many different types of specialized cells are found in humans?
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What is the term for cells that are capable of producing a restricted set of related cells?
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What is the process of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells?
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What is the characteristic of differentiation?
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What is the term for cells that are undifferentiated and can produce differentiated cells?
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What event occurs in stem cells when one or more cell surface receptors are activated?
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What is the main difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?
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What determines whether a specific gene is expressed or silenced in a cell?
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What is the result of histone acetylation on gene expression?
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What is the purpose of differentiation signals in stem cells?
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What happens to genes in stem cells as they become differentiated?
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What is the role of enzymes in the switch between euchromatin and heterochromatin?
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What is the result of DNA methylation on gene expression?
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What is inherited by daughter cells following mitosis?
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What is the main difference between stem cells and differentiated cells in terms of chromatin structure?
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What is the primary function of cell surface receptors in stem cells?
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What is the main purpose of histone methylation in stem cells?
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What is the characteristic of euchromatin in stem cells?
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What is the result of histone acetylation on chromatin structure?
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What determines the specialist function of a differentiated cell?
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What is the function of DNA methylation in gene expression?
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What happens to the structure of chromatin during differentiation?
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What is the primary function of enzymes in chromatin remodeling?
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What is the characteristic of heterochromatin in stem cells?
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What happens to the epigenetic states of stem cells during mitosis?
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What is the primary reason for the existence of multiple types of specialized cells in the human body?
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Which of the following types of stem cells is capable of producing any cell type within a major lineage?
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What is the result of asymmetric cell division in stem cells?
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What is the main characteristic of differentiation?
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What is the primary function of stem cells in the human body?
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What is the term for the process of producing specialized cells from stem cells?
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What is the main difference between totipotent and pluripotent stem cells?
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What is the result of cell division in stem cells?
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What is the characteristic of all stem cells?
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Study Notes
Cellular Composition
- Human body composed of approximately ten trillion cells
- Over 200 different types of specialized cells
- Each cell contains the same instructions as all other cells
Cell Types
- Bone cells
- Venom glands, ducts, and venom secreting cells
- Eye cells (including chemical sensing cells and heat sensing cells)
- Epithelial cells
- Muscle cells
- Nerve cells
- Blood vessels
Cell Division
- Mitosis generally produces two identical daughter cells
- Cell division in stem cells is asymmetric, producing two different daughter cells
Stem Cells
- Undifferentiated cells that produce differentiated cells
- Capable of producing many types of differentiated cells
- Capable of self-renewal
- Types of stem cells:
- Totipotent: capable of producing any cell type
- Pluripotent: capable of producing any cell within a major lineage
- Multi-potent: capable of producing a restricted set of related cells
Differentiation
- Process of producing specialized cells
- One-way process, cells cannot return to being stem cells
- Cells receive instructions in the form of differentiation signals
- Signals are received via cell surface receptors, leading to changes in gene expression
Chromatin and Gene Expression
- Euchromatin: lightly packed, accessible for transcription
- Heterochromatin: tightly packed, difficult to transcribe genes
- In stem cells, most DNA is in euchromatin, making most genes available for transcription
- As cells differentiate, more genes become silenced in heterochromatin regions
Epigenetic States
- Switch between euchromatin and heterochromatin controlled by enzymes
- Enzymes attach methyl or acetyl groups to DNA or histone proteins
- DNA methylation silences genes
- Histone acetylation leads to euchromatin regions and increased gene expression
- Histone methylation can increase or decrease gene expression depending on the modified histone protein
- Epigenetic states can be inherited by daughter cells following mitosis
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Description
Discover the different types of specialized cells in the human body, from bone cells to epithelial cells. Learn about mitosis and how a single fertilized oocyte develops into various cell types. Test your knowledge of cellular biology!
