Cell Signaling and Signal Transduction

The process of cells communicating, including sending, receiving, and processing signals

The molecular steps inside a cell that happen after a signaling molecule binds to a receptor. It amplifies the signal

A signaling molecule that binds to a receptor

A protein that receives and responds to a signaling molecule

A cell signals to itself

Hormones travel through the blood to distant cells

Cells signal nearby cells

Making a small signal much bigger inside the cell

A series of molecular events inside a cell, triggered by a signaling molecule binding to a receptor.

Protein inside the cell that responds to molecules passing through the cell membrane.

Protein embedded in the cell membrane, receiving signals and relaying them.

A type of cell membrane receptor that activates a G protein upon ligand binding.

A type of cell surface receptor that phosphorylates tyrosine residues.

Transmembrane receptors that open as ion channels in response to ligand binding.

Ligand binding triggers a conformational change, causing GDP to be replaced by GTP on the alpha subunit.

Receptors that initiate intracellular signaling through enzymatic activity.

A type of ELR where ligand binding triggers a chain of events leading to phosphorylation.

The pairing up of two receptors after ligand binding.

Adding phosphate groups to tyrosine residues on the receptor, which creates docking sites for other proteins.

A molecule that binds to a receptor and triggers a biological response.

An agonist that fully activates the receptor, producing the complete response.

An agonist that only partially activates the receptor, producing a limited response.

A molecule that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, preventing agonist activity.

An antagonist that competes with the agonist for binding to the receptor site.

An antagonist that binds to a different site on the receptor (allosteric site), preventing agonist activation.

The interaction between a molecule (ligand) and a receptor, producing a cellular response.

Cells interacting and attaching to other cells using special molecules.

Cells of the same type bind to each other.

Cells of different types bind to each other.

Proteins that help cells stick together and form tissues.

CAMs that help cells of the same type stick together.

CAMs that connect cells to the extracellular matrix.

Ligand fits perfectly into its receptor.

Ligand binding causes a receptor shape change for better fit.

White blood cells part of the immune system.

A cell signaling pathway crucial for cell differentiation, development, and tissue maintenance. It involves a series of events where a ligand binds to a receptor, triggering a cascade of reactions within the cell.

A genetic disorder affecting arterioles of the brain, caused by mutations in the NOTCH3 gene, leading to problems in blood vessel wall development.

A genetic disorder affecting the liver, heart, and other organs due to mutations in the NOTCH2 gene, causing problems during organ development.

Deregulation of NOTCH signaling plays a key role in the development and progression of various cancers. Overactive NOTCH signaling can promote uncontrolled cell growth, leading to tumor formation.

Drugs that block the activity of gamma-secretase, an enzyme essential for activating NOTCH signaling. Blocking this enzyme inhibits the pathway, potentially slowing cancer growth.

Lab-made proteins specifically targeting NOTCH receptors or their ligands, effectively blocking the signaling pathway.

Fake receptor molecules that compete with real NOTCH receptors, binding to ligands and preventing activation of the real receptors.

Small molecules or peptides that specifically target and disrupt specific parts of the NOTCH pathway, preventing its full activation.