Cell Signaling and Neurotransmission Quiz
25 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a feature of ionotropic receptors?

  • They have slow chemical transmission.
  • They include ligand-gated ion channels. (correct)
  • They primarily function in synaptic plasticity.
  • They are G protein coupled receptors.

    • What is the correct description of neuromodulators in terms of their transmission speed?

  • Even faster than neurotransmitters
  • Slow, compared to neurotransmitters (correct)
  • Fast, similar to neurotransmitters
  • They have variable speeds

    • Which second messenger system is associated with calcium signaling?

  • cGMP
  • phosphatidyl inositol (correct)
  • metabotropic receptor
  • cAMP

    • What is a distinct characteristic of metabotropic receptors?

    <p>They require GTP and activate G proteins upon ligand binding. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately represents endocrine signaling?

    <p>Hormonal signaling through the bloodstream (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens after ligand binding to a metabotropic receptor?

    <p>Activation of a G protein (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the amplified response in metabotropic receptors?

    <p>Phosphorylation of various targets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is directly affected by cyclic AMP signaling?

    <p>Phosphorylation of ion channels and enzymes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the phosphatidyl inositol signaling system, what are the second messengers produced?

    <p>Inositol trisphosphate and diacyl glycerol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of muscarinic Ach receptor activation on cardiac muscle?

    <p>Decreases heart rate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion channel is involved in cardiac muscle response to muscarinic Ach receptor activation?

    <p>Potassium channel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the mechanism by which muscarinic Ach receptors operate?

    <p>G-protein coupled receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which compound acts as an agonist for nicotinic Ach receptors?

    <p>Nicotine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Ach receptor pharmacology, what is 'vagustuffe' associated with?

    <p>Inhibition of cardiac muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type is associated with direct ion channel gating?

    <p>Nicotinic Ach receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of G proteins in muscarinic Ach receptor function?

    <p>They directly open ion channels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a characteristic function of ionotropic receptors?

    <p>Direct gating of ion channels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of homo-synaptic plasticity during stimulation?

    <p>Dependence on nerve terminal calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do NMDA Glu receptors play in synaptic plasticity?

    <p>Activate calmodulin via Ca2+ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter's release is modulated by enkephalins in the spinal cord?

    <p>Substance P (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does post-tetanic potentiation refer to in homo-synaptic plasticity?

    <p>Long-term facilitation after stimulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does pre-synaptic facilitation of hetero-synaptic plasticity increase synaptic efficacy?

    <p>Augmented pre-synaptic action potentials (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism leads to pre-synaptic inhibition in hetero-synaptic plasticity?

    <p>Shortened pre-synaptic action potential duration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of postsynaptic diffusion in synaptic plasticity?

    <p>Increased synaptic efficacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In homo-synaptic plasticity, what is the 'residual calcium hypothesis' related to?

    <p>Increased releasing of neurotransmitters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    mAchR

    Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor that inhibits cardiac muscle.

    Ionotropic receptor

    Receptor that directly gates ion channels, allowing for fast neurotransmission.

    Metabotropic receptor

    Receptor that activates G proteins, leading to slower, indirect effects.

    Nicotinic AchR

    A type of acetylcholine receptor that is ionotropic and excitatory at neuromuscular junctions.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Muscarinic AchR

    A type of acetylcholine receptor that is metabotropic and inhibitory in cardiac muscle.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Agonists

    Compounds that activate receptors, enhancing their action.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Antagonists

    Compounds that block receptors, reducing their action.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    G protein

    Molecular switches that mediate signaling from metabotropic receptors.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    G Protein Coupled Receptors

    A class of receptors that are linked to a G protein; pivotal in cellular communication.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Second Messenger Systems

    Intracellular signaling pathways activated by first messengers (like hormones) leading to a response.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Synaptic Plasticity

    The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, crucial for learning and memory.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cyclic AMP signaling system

    A signaling pathway where a ligand binding activates adenylate cyclase, producing cAMP that activates protein kinase A for further phosphorylation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Phosphatidyl Inositol signaling system

    A signaling pathway activated by G proteins that leads to phospholipase C activation, producing second messengers inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol for cell signaling.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Homo-synaptic Facilitation

    Increased neurotransmitter release during stimulation due to calcium levels.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Homo-synaptic Potentiation

    Post-tetanic potentiation involving enhanced neurotransmitter release after stimulation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Homo-synaptic Depression

    Decreased neurotransmitter release following intense stimulation.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Residual Calcium Hypothesis

    Increased calcium levels lead to more neurotransmitter release after repetitive action potentials.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    LTP (Long Term Potentiation)

    The long-lasting enhancement of signal transmission between two neurons.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    NMDA Glu Receptor

    A receptor that, when activated by calcium, triggers signaling pathways involved in learning.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Hetero-synaptic Plasticity

    Changes in synaptic efficacy involving different pathways, either increasing or decreasing neurotransmitter release.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Enkephalin

    A peptide that modulates pain by inhibiting neurotransmitter release from pain pathways.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Cell Signaling and Neurotransmission

    • Neuromodulation and neurotransmission involve ionotropic and metabotropic receptors.
    • G protein-coupled receptors (G proteins) are central in pharmacology, affecting skeletal muscle, heart, and the central nervous system (CNS).
    • Neurotransmission is a fast process, while neuromodulation is slower.

    Second Messenger Systems

    • Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP and cGMP) and other molecules like phosphatidyl inositol, Ca2+/calmodulin, and protein kinases are components of second messenger systems.

    Synaptic Plasticity

    • Homo-synaptic and hetero-synaptic plasticity are key aspects of synaptic function, influencing the efficacy of neuronal communication.

    Endocrine Signaling

    • Hormones are released directly into the bloodstream.
    • Neurosecretory cells release hormones locally.
    • Paracrine signaling involves local communication between cells.
    • Autocrine signaling involves a cell signaling to itself.

    Ligand-Gated Receptors

    • Ionotropic receptors directly affect membrane potential (Vm) through ion channels.
    • They are gated by ligands, mediating fast chemical transmission.

    Metabotropic Receptors

    • Metabotropic receptors are G protein coupled receptors that bind to ligands.
    • The ligand binding activates G proteins.
    • The activated G proteins influence second messenger systems and protein kinases that affect cellular processes.
    • Metabotropic receptors exhibit slower chemical transmission and modulation.

    Acetylcholine (ACh) Receptor Pharmacology

    • Ionotropic (nicotinic) receptors bind directly to ion channels.
    • Nicotine is an agonist; curare and bungarotoxin are antagonists.
    • Metabotropic (muscarinic) receptors engage in indirect signaling through G proteins.
    • Muscarine is an agonist; atropine and scopolamine are antagonists.
    • ACh receptors (both types) have roles in the central nervous system (CNS).

    Acetylcholine (ACh) Receptor Pharmacology: Heart

    • Metabotropic (muscarinic) ACh receptors, found in cardiac muscle, indirectly regulate heart rate.
    • They do this by slowing down heart rate.
    • Otto Loewi's “vagustuffe” experiment illustrated neurotransmitter communication.

    Acetylcholine (ACh) Receptor Pharmacology: Sympathetic Ganglion

    • ACh receptor subtypes (ionotropic nicotinic) and (metabotropic muscarinic) are critical in the autonomic nervous system.
    • Ionotropic receptors induce fast excitation.
    • Metabotropic receptors activate or inhibit slower signaling pathways.

    Neurotransmission vs Neuromodulation

    • Ionotropic receptors involve ligand binding to receptors that directly alter membrane potential.
    • Metabotropic receptors involve ligand binding that activates G proteins to modulate cellular processes.

    G Protein-Coupled Receptors

    • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane domains that bind and mediate signals.
    • Activated G proteins can activate enzymes, alter ion channels, and affect second messengers.

    Cyclic AMP Signaling

    • Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a second messenger in cell signaling.
    • Adenylyl cyclase catalyzes cAMP production.

    Phosphatidyl Inositol Signaling

    • This system uses inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) as second messengers.
    • Key player in cellular calcium signaling.

    Other Biochemical Systems

    • cGMP (cyclic GMP) is involved in photoreception, and Ca2+/calmodulin is a prevalent signaling component.

    Synaptic Plasticity (Homo-synaptic)

    • Facilitation, potentiation, and depression refer to the changes in synaptic strength.
    • This refers to changes in synaptic strength at a single synapse.
    • These changes are influenced by calcium levels in the nerve terminal.
    • This relies on changes in calcium levels that alter neurotransmitter release.

    Synaptic Plasticity (Hetero-synaptic)

    • Hetero-synaptic plasticity involves an interneuron affecting synaptic transmission.
    • Pre-synaptic facilitation enhances neurotransmitter release.
    • Pre-synaptic inhibition reduces neurotransmitter release.

    Enkephalin in Spinal Cord Modulation of Pain

    • Enkephalin is a pain-modulating neuropeptide.
    • It inhibits substance P release, which mediates pain signals.
    • Pain stimuli trigger substance P release, and spinal interneurons release enkephalin to reduce substance P transmission.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Neuro Lecture #5 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of cell signaling and neurotransmission, including the roles of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors and second messenger systems. Explore concepts like synaptic plasticity and various types of signaling such as endocrine and paracrine. This quiz will challenge your understanding of these essential biological processes.

    More Like This

    Señalización Celular y Tipos
    13 questions

    Señalización Celular y Tipos

    EngagingFoil avatar
    EngagingFoil
    Cell Signaling and Neurotransmission Quiz
    26 questions

    Cell Signaling and Neurotransmission Quiz

    FavoriteRadon8785 avatar
    FavoriteRadon8785
    Cell Signaling and Neurotransmission Quiz
    26 questions

    Cell Signaling and Neurotransmission Quiz

    FavoriteRadon8785 avatar
    FavoriteRadon8785
    Cell Biology Quiz on Enzymes and Ion Channels
    42 questions

    Cell Biology Quiz on Enzymes and Ion Channels

    OrganizedRetinalite9524 avatar
    OrganizedRetinalite9524
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser