Cell Signaling and Immunology
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Questions and Answers

What is the result of IP3 triggering calcium mobilization?

  • The activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) (correct)
  • The activation of protein kinase C (PKC)
  • The activation of the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway
  • The activation of transcription factor AP-1

    • What is the function of Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein?

  • To activate the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (correct)
  • To activate protein kinase C (PKC)
  • To activate transcription factor NF κ B
  • To activate nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT)

    • What is the characteristic of T-independent antigens?

  • They are only found in viruses
  • They require T-cell help for activation
  • They have a low density of repeating antigenic determinants
  • They have a high density of repeating antigenic determinants (correct)

    • What is the role of B cells in the immune system?

    <p>To defend against extracellular pathogens and their toxins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interaction of B-cell receptors with antigen?

    <p>The signal transduction events that result in the activation of transcription factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the antibody molecule depicted in?

    <p>Figure 19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of antigens that do not have repeating determinants?

    <p>They require T-cell help</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant antibody in the primary immune response?

    <p>IgM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of IgA?

    <p>To block entrance of pathogens through mucous membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of class switching within a given B-cell clone?

    <p>Progression from synthesis of IgM to synthesis of IgE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of immunosuppressants on the immune system?

    <p>They suppress various components of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eicosanoids in the body?

    <p>They mediate inflammatory responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the action of cyclooxygenase (COX) in the biosynthesis of eicosanoids?

    <p>It catalyzes the rate-determining step in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostanoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of low-dose aspirin on COX-1?

    <p>It irreversibly inhibits COX-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of coxibs?

    <p>They selectively and reversibly inhibit COX-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of IgE?

    <p>It acts as a mediator of allergy and parasitic immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of prostanoids in the body?

    <p>To mediate pain, fever, and inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between COX-1 and COX-2?

    <p>COX-1 is constitutively expressed, while COX-2 is induced during inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic effect of NSAIDs?

    <p>Reducing inflammation, fever, pain, and platelet aggregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of COX-2 selective drugs over non-selective NSAIDs?

    <p>They have a lower incidence of GI side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?

    <p>Binding to cytoplasmic receptors and changing gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of lipoxygenase pathway activation?

    <p>Production of leukotrienes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary clinical relevance of the lipoxygenase pathway?

    <p>In the pathophysiology of asthma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic effect of COX-2 selective inhibitors?

    <p>Producing an anti-inflammatory effect with a lower incidence of GI side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk associated with the use of COX-2 selective inhibitors?

    <p>Increased risk of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of EETs in the body?

    <p>Unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of EETs in the cardiovascular system and kidney?

    <p>Vasodilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the immune system?

    <p>To recognize and defend against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of phagocytes in the immune response?

    <p>To surround and absorb pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lymphocytes in the immune response?

    <p>To recognize and remember pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune response?

    <p>To produce antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of T lymphocytes in the immune response?

    <p>To destroy compromised cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of immunoglobulin G (IgG)?

    <p>To mark microbes for recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of immunoglobulin M (IgM)?

    <p>To kill bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and non-self?

    <p>Self-tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for any substance that can spark an immune response?

    <p>Antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are responsible for initiating immune responses?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of eicosanoids in the immune response?

    <p>They connect innate and adaptive immunity by acting on cells of both systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased secretion of inflammatory endogenous mediators on dendritic cells?

    <p>It activates them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PGE2 in the immune response?

    <p>It is a prostanoid that has a great impact on inflammatory and immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of eicosanoids on cells of the immune system?

    <p>They modulate cytokine release, cell differentiation, survival, migration, antigen presentation, and apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dendritic cells in the immune response?

    <p>They control the responses of several types of lymphocytes and play a central role in the transition between innate and adaptive immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of IgA in the body?

    <p>To protect gateways into the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

    <p>Innate immunity is general, while adaptive immunity is specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Killer T cells in the immune system?

    <p>To attack infected cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of specific immune response?

    <p>It is specific and long-lived</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between primary and secondary immune responses?

    <p>Primary immune response is slower, while secondary immune response is faster</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pattern recognition receptors in the innate immune response?

    <p>To phagocytose microorganisms and induce an innate inflammatory response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Helper T cells in the immune system?

    <p>To coordinate the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is passive immunity?

    <p>A type of immunity that is borrowed from another source</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the secondary immune response?

    <p>It is faster and stronger than the primary immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>To mark antigens for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Immune Response

    • The immune system is essential for our survival, defending us against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and more.
    • It is a complex network of cells, organs, proteins, and tissues that can distinguish self from non-self.

    Types of Leukocytes

    • Phagocytes: surround and absorb pathogens, breaking them down.
      • Neutrophils: attack bacteria.
      • Monocytes: largest type, with multiple roles.
      • Macrophages: patrol for pathogens, remove dead and dying cells.
      • Mast cells: help heal wounds, defend against pathogens.
    • Lymphocytes: help the body remember previous invaders and recognize them if they come back.
      • B lymphocytes (B cells): produce antibodies, alert T lymphocytes.
      • T lymphocytes (T cells): destroy compromised cells, alert other leukocytes.

    Antigen and Antibody Response

    • An antigen is any substance that can spark an immune response.
    • B cells recognize the antigen, secrete antibodies (antigen is short for “antibody generators”).
    • Antibodies are special proteins that lock onto specific antigens.
    • Types of antibodies:
      • Immunoglobulin G (IgG): marks microbes for other cells to recognize and deal with.
      • IgM: kills bacteria.
      • IgA: congregates in fluids, protecting gateways into the body.
      • IgE: protects against parasites, responsible for allergies.
      • IgD: stays bound to B cells, helping them to start the immune response.

    T Lymphocytes

    • Helper T cells (Th cells): coordinate the immune response.
    • Killer T cells (cytotoxic T lymphocytes): attack and destroy infected cells.

    Types of Immunity

    • Innate immunity: born with it, general protection.
    • Adaptive immunity: develops throughout life, specific to diseases.
    • Passive immunity: borrowed from another source, short-term.

    Eicosanoids

    • Signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid.
    • Play a role in mediating inflammatory responses.
    • Include prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes.

    Cyclooxygenase (COX) Pathway

    • COX is an enzyme that converts arachidonic acid to prostanoids.
    • Two isozymes: COX-1 and COX-2.
    • COX-1: constitutively expressed in most cells and tissues.
    • COX-2: upregulated during inflammation.

    Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

    • Inhibit COX, reducing prostaglandin synthesis.
    • Examples: aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen.
    • Therapeutic effects: reduce inflammation, fever, pain, and platelet aggregation.
    • Side effects: affect GI tract, kidney, and cardiovascular system.

    COX-2 Selective Inhibitors (Coxibs)

    • Selectively inhibit COX-2.
    • Examples: celecoxib (Celebrex).
    • Lower incidence of GI side effects compared to non-selective NSAIDs.
    • Associated with increased risk of thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke.

    Glucocorticoids

    • Effects result from changes in gene expression.
    • Therapeutic responses require several hours to develop.
    • Metabolic effects: hyperglycemia, changes in fat deposition.
    • Anti-inflammatory effects: mediated by transcriptional inhibition.

    Lipoxygenase/Leukotriene Pathway

    • Activated in leukocytes, resulting in the conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes.
    • Leukotrienes: inflammatory mediators, resulting in bronchoconstriction, increased secretion of mucus, leukocyte chemotaxis, and histamine release.

    Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids (EETs)

    • Produced by cytochrome P450 epoxygenase.
    • Act as short-range hormones in the cardiovascular system and kidney.
    • Produce vasodilation by activating Ca-activated K channels.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on cell signaling pathways and immunology concepts, including IP3, NF-AT, PKC, NF κ B, Ras, MAPK, and AP-1. Learn about the structure of antibody molecules and B-cell receptors.

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