Cell Parts and Functions Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which organelle is responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration?

  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria (correct)

The cell membrane is primarily responsible for synthesizing proteins.

False (B)

What are the two main types of Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and what are their primary functions?

The two main types of ER are the rough ER and the smooth ER. The rough ER is responsible for synthesizing proteins, while the smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances.

During ______, the chromosomes condense and become visible.

<p>prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cell structures with their primary functions:

<p>Nucleus = Stores genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities Cell Membrane = Regulates movement of substances in and out of the cell, provides protection Mitochondria = Generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration Lysosomes = Contain enzymes that digest waste, old cell parts, and foreign invaders Vacuole = Store nutrients, waste products, and help maintain cell shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of White Blood Cells (WBCs)?

<p>Fight infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cancer cells have a controlled growth pattern and can specialize in specific functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main treatments for cancer that use drugs and radiation?

<p>Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Red blood cells have a lifespan of approximately ______ days.

<p>120</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of stem cells with their characteristics:

<p>Embryonic Stem Cells = Can become any cell type Adult (Tissue) Stem Cells = Specialize in limited cell types</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing DNA and directing cell activities.

Cell Membrane

A thin barrier that regulates what enters and exits the cell, protecting it from its environment.

Cytoplasm

The jelly-like substance that fills the cell, holding organelles and supporting chemical reactions.

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, generating energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of folded membranes involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid synthesis (smooth ER).

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Ribosomes

Tiny structures responsible for building proteins from amino acids.

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Golgi Apparatus

A stack of flattened sacs that packages, modifies, and transports proteins and lipids made by the ER.

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Lysosomes

Digestive compartments that breakdown waste, old cell parts, and invaders.

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What do red blood cells do?

Red blood cells are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body and removing carbon dioxide from the body. They contain a protein called hemoglobin which binds to oxygen.

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What is the role of white blood cells?

White blood cells are the body's defense against infections, bacteria, and viruses. They come in different types, each with a specific function.

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What do platelets do?

Platelets are essential for blood clotting, which stops bleeding. They are constantly being created and have a relatively short lifespan.

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How are cancer cells different from normal cells?

Cancer cells grow abnormally fast and don't specialize like normal cells. They spread to other tissues, which is called metastasis.

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What are stem cells?

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can become specialized cells. They are found in embryos and in adult tissues.

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Study Notes

Cell Parts and Functions

  • Nucleus: Controls cell activities, stores DNA
  • Cell Membrane: Regulates substance movement in and out of the cell, provides protection
  • Cytoplasm: Holds organelles, supports chemical reactions
  • Mitochondria: Generates energy (ATP) through cellular respiration, regulates metabolism
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Rough ER synthesizes proteins, smooth ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances
  • Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins from amino acids
  • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, packages, and transports proteins and lipids produced by the ER
  • Lysosomes: Contain enzymes that digest waste, old cell parts, and foreign invaders
  • Vacuoles: Store nutrients, waste products, maintain cell shape (larger in plant cells)
  • Cytoskeleton: Provides structural support, shape, and aids in cell movement
  • Centrioles: Organize spindle fibers during cell division in animal cells
  • Chloroplasts: Perform photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy (in plant cells)
  • Cell Wall: Provides structural support and protection, maintains cell shape (in plant cells)

Organ Systems

  • Circulatory System: Heart pumps blood, arteries carry oxygenated blood, and veins carry deoxygenated blood
  • Digestive System: Organs like mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines that break down food for absorption
  • Respiratory System: Organs like nose, trachea, lungs, and alveoli involved in gas exchange (oxygen intake and carbon dioxide release)

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

  • Interphase: Cell growth and preparation for division
  • Mitosis:
    • Prophase: Chromosomes condense
    • Metaphase: Chromosomes align in the middle
    • Anaphase: Chromosomes separate
    • Telophase: Nuclear membranes reform
  • Cytokinesis: Division of the cytoplasm

Microscope Calculations

  • To convert millimeters to micrometers, multiply by 1000
  • Field of View (FOV): Use formulas to calculate FOV at different magnifications (e.g., low power, high power)

Cell Types (Size & Function)

  • Red Blood Cells (RBCs): Transport oxygen, contain hemoglobin, lifespan ~120 days
  • White Blood Cells (WBCs): Fight infections (types include lymphocytes and neutrophils)
  • Platelets: Help in blood clotting, lifespan 7-10 days

Cancer and Normal Cells

  • Normal Cells: Controlled growth, specialize in functions, die naturally when damaged/old (apoptosis)
  • Cancer Cells: Uncontrolled growth, fail to specialize, remain immature, invade surrounding tissues (metastasis)

Causes and Treatment of Cancer

  • Causes: Genetic mutations, environmental factors, carcinogens
  • Treatments: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy

Specialized Cells

  • Nerve Cells (Neurons): Transmit signals
  • Muscle Cells: Contract for movement
  • Red Blood Cells: Transport oxygen

Stem Cells

  • Definition: Undifferentiated cells that can become specialized cells
  • Types: Embryonic stem cells (can become any cell type), adult/tissue stem cells (specialize in limited cell types)

Organ Transplantation

  • Definition: Replacing a failing or damaged organ with a donor organ
  • Donor Types: Living donors, deceased donors (kidney, liver, lung, bone marrow, heart, pancreas, intestines)

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