Cell Parts and Functions Quiz

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@FastAstrophysics3229

Study Notes

Cell Parts and Functions

Cell membrane: Acts as a barrier, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.
Golgi Complex: Modifies and packages proteins for transport within the cell.
Membrane Receptor: Binds to signaling molecules (ligands) and triggers internal responses.
Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Nucleolus: Manufactures ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): A network of membranes involved in protein folding and transport.
Chromatin: The complex of DNA and proteins inside the nucleus, containing genetic instructions.
- Euchromatin: Loosely packed, allowing for gene expression.
- Heterochromatin: Tightly packed, generally inactive for gene expression.
Chromosome: A tightly coiled structure composed of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information.
- Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
Cell Cycle: The sequence of events from the formation of a cell to its division.
- Interphase:
  - G1 phase: Growth and preparation for DNA replication.
  - S phase: DNA replication occurs.
  - G2 phase: Cell continues to grow, preparing for mitosis.
- Mitosis: Cell division resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells.
- Meiosis: Cell division producing four genetically unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes.
Mitosis Stages:
- Prophase: Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers form.
- Metaphase: Chromosomes line up at the center (equator) of the cell.
- Anaphase: Sister chromatids separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.
- Telophase: Chromosomes reach the poles, nuclear membrane reforms, and the cell cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis).
- Cytokinesis: Final stage where the cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Microscope Parts

Eyepiece tube or body tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
Nosepiece: Rotating structure that holds the objective lenses.
Objective lenses: Magnify the specimen, providing different levels of magnification.
Stage clips: Hold the specimen slide in place.
Stage: Platform where the specimen slide is placed.
Diaphragm: Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.
Illuminator: Provides light source for viewing the specimen.
Eyepiece/Ocular lens: The lens you look through to view the magnified specimen.
Arm: Connects the base to the body tube.
Course focus: Large knob for initial focusing.
Fine focus: Smaller knob for precise focusing.
Base: The bottom of the microscope, providing support.

Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction:
- Involves a single parent.
- Produces genetically identical offspring.
- Faster and produces more offspring than sexual reproduction.
Sexual Reproduction:
- Requires two parents (male and female).
- Produces genetically diverse offspring.
- Takes longer than asexual reproduction and results in fewer offspring.