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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
All living organisms maintain homeostasis regardless of external environmental changes.
All living organisms maintain homeostasis regardless of external environmental changes.
True
What is the smallest unit of life?
What is the smallest unit of life?
cell
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function is called a tissue.
A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function is called a tissue.
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Which system coordinates the body's responses using electrical signals?
Which system coordinates the body's responses using electrical signals?
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Match the levels of organization with their descriptions:
Match the levels of organization with their descriptions:
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Plant cells are not specialized to perform specific tasks.
Plant cells are not specialized to perform specific tasks.
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Explain how the organization of cells into tissues and organs contributes to their function in multicellular organisms.
Explain how the organization of cells into tissues and organs contributes to their function in multicellular organisms.
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What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
What is the primary function of the cell membrane?
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Osmosis refers to the movement of solutes across a semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis refers to the movement of solutes across a semipermeable membrane.
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What are the two types of transport mechanisms across the cell membrane?
What are the two types of transport mechanisms across the cell membrane?
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The process of photosynthesis primarily occurs in the chloroplasts_ of plant cells.
The process of photosynthesis primarily occurs in the chloroplasts_ of plant cells.
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Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
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Which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis?
Which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis?
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The sodium-potassium pump is an example of passive transport.
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of passive transport.
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Explain why photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth.
Explain why photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth.
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During photosynthesis, the reactants are carbon dioxide and water.
During photosynthesis, the reactants are carbon dioxide and water.
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What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?
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The ability to maintain a stable internal environment is called ______________.
The ability to maintain a stable internal environment is called ______________.
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Which of the following processes do autotrophs use to produce their food?
Which of the following processes do autotrophs use to produce their food?
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All living organisms are unicellular.
All living organisms are unicellular.
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Explain how the Golgi apparatus contributes to cell functioning.
Explain how the Golgi apparatus contributes to cell functioning.
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What is the primary function of ribosomes?
What is the primary function of ribosomes?
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Nucleic acids are made of smaller subunits called ______________.
Nucleic acids are made of smaller subunits called ______________.
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Lipids are primarily responsible for storing long-term energy.
Lipids are primarily responsible for storing long-term energy.
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Describe how a mutation in DNA can affect enzymes.
Describe how a mutation in DNA can affect enzymes.
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Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?
Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?
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Match the following macromolecules with their primary functions:
Match the following macromolecules with their primary functions:
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The structure that controls a cell's activities and contains its genetic material is called the ______________.
The structure that controls a cell's activities and contains its genetic material is called the ______________.
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What is homeostasis and provide an example?
What is homeostasis and provide an example?
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Which organelle is involved in photosynthesis?
Which organelle is involved in photosynthesis?
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All cells have a cell wall.
All cells have a cell wall.
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The bonds that connect amino acids in proteins are called ______________.
The bonds that connect amino acids in proteins are called ______________.
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Study Notes
Cell Organization: From Cells to Organisms
- Living things are organized in a hierarchy: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms.
- Specialized cells form tissues, performing specific functions.
- Organs are made of multiple tissues working together; organs form organ systems for coordination.
- The nervous system coordinates using electrical signals; the circulatory system is an example of an organ system.
- Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized for tasks; the neuron is a basic unit.
- Tissues like mesophyll in plants are specialized for photosynthesis.
- Organ systems work together to make up an organism; muscle tissue contracts, causing movement.
- A breakdown at the cellular level disrupts cell signaling in the nervous system, affecting the entire system.
Characteristics of Life
- Living organisms share common characteristics: organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.
- Homeostasis maintains internal stability despite external changes.
- Metabolism is the sum of chemical processes in an organism; growth involves increasing cell size or number.
- Organisms respond to environmental stimuli (light, temperature). Reproduction ensures species survival.
- All living things are made up of one or more cells; non-living things lack cellular organization.
- Photosynthesis in organisms like plants and algae makes food from sunlight; this is an example of metabolism difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
- Heterotrophs consume both organic matter and organisms for energy (animals, fungi); while autotrophs use light or chemical energy to synthesize their food
- Maintaining blood sugar levels is an example of homeostasis.
Cell Organelles and Functions
- Organelles in cells perform specific functions enabling cell survival and function.
- The nucleus controls cell activities containing genetic material.
- Ribosomes are protein synthesis sites; mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
- Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis in plant cells; the cell membrane regulates what enters and exits.
- Cytoplasm supports organelle function; the Golgi apparatus packages and distributes proteins and lipids.
- Lysosomes contain enzymes breaking down cell waste; plant cells have rigid cell walls made of cellulose.
- The smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces lipids and detoxifies cells..
- Mitochondria have a folded inner membrane (cristae) producing ATP for cellular respiration, Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll in photosynthesis converting light energy into glucose.
- A malfunction in mitochondria reduces ATP, affecting cellular functions and overall organism health.
Macromolecules
- Four essential macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
- Carbohydrates provide energy; proteins form structure and act as enzymes.
- Lipids store energy and form membranes; nucleic acids store genetic information.
- Proteins are made of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds; nucleic acids have nucleotides as monomers.
- Enzymes are proteins speeding up chemical reactions; mutations in DNA can affect protein structure and function.
Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport
- The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; it is selectively permeable.
- Transport methods include passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (energy-requiring) processes.
- Diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration; osmosis is water diffusion across a semipermeable membrane.
- Active transport uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradient; endocytosis involves engulfing large particles.
- The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane structure; phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis.
- The glycocalyx helps cells communicate and recognize each other.
- A failure in membrane transport proteins disrupts nutrient and waste movement, impacting cellular health.
Photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy (glucose).
- Occurs in chloroplasts, with light-dependent reactions (thylakoids) and the Calvin cycle (stroma).
- Outputs are oxygen and glucose; critical for life.
- Photosynthesis' reactants are carbon dioxide and water; oxygen is released as a byproduct.
- Light-dependent reactions capture sunlight, producing ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
- The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
- Photosynthesis forms the base of most food chains, providing oxygen and glucose.
- Most of the mass in a tree comes from carbon in CO2; the Calvin cycle is where carbon is fixed into glucose accumulating most of the tree's mass.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of cell organization and the characteristics that define living organisms. This quiz covers the hierarchy from cells to organ systems, emphasizing the roles of specialized cells and tissues. Understand how homeostasis and coordination among organ systems contribute to life.
