Cell Organization and Characteristics of Life
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?

  • Organization
  • Complexity (correct)
  • Homeostasis
  • Reproduction

All living organisms maintain homeostasis regardless of external environmental changes.

True (A)

What is the smallest unit of life?

cell

A group of cells that work together to perform a specific function is called a tissue.

<p>tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system coordinates the body's responses using electrical signals?

<p>Nervous system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the levels of organization with their descriptions:

<p>Cell = Basic unit of life Tissue = Group of cells working together Organ = Structure made of tissues Organ system = Group of organs working together</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plant cells are not specialized to perform specific tasks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the organization of cells into tissues and organs contributes to their function in multicellular organisms.

<p>It enables specialized cells to be coordinated, allowing for efficient performance of functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the cell membrane?

<p>Selective permeable barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Osmosis refers to the movement of solutes across a semipermeable membrane.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of transport mechanisms across the cell membrane?

<p>Passive transport and active transport.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of photosynthesis primarily occurs in the chloroplasts_ of plant cells.

<p>chloroplasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following processes with their descriptions:

<p>Diffusion = Movement of molecules from high to low concentration Active Transport = Energy-requiring process to move substances Light-dependent reactions = Capture sunlight to produce ATP Calvin cycle = Fixes carbon into glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis?

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of passive transport.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain why photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth.

<p>Photosynthesis produces oxygen and glucose, supporting life by providing energy and a basis for food chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

During photosynthesis, the reactants are carbon dioxide and water.

<p>carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis?

<p>It captures light energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to maintain a stable internal environment is called ______________.

<p>homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes do autotrophs use to produce their food?

<p>Photosynthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All living organisms are unicellular.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the Golgi apparatus contributes to cell functioning.

<p>The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for transport within and outside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ribosomes?

<p>Protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nucleic acids are made of smaller subunits called ______________.

<p>nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lipids are primarily responsible for storing long-term energy.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how a mutation in DNA can affect enzymes.

<p>A mutation can alter the sequence of amino acids in an enzyme, changing its shape and preventing it from functioning properly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for ATP production?

<p>Mitochondrion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following macromolecules with their primary functions:

<p>Proteins = Structure and enzymes Carbohydrates = Energy Lipids = Storage and membranes Nucleic acids = Genetic information</p> Signup and view all the answers

The structure that controls a cell's activities and contains its genetic material is called the ______________.

<p>nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is homeostasis and provide an example?

<p>Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a stable internal environment; for example, regulating blood sugar levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is involved in photosynthesis?

<p>Chloroplast (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All cells have a cell wall.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The bonds that connect amino acids in proteins are called ______________.

<p>peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Smallest unit of life

The basic building block of all living things

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together.

Organ

Multiple tissues working together to perform a specific function

Organ System

Multiple organs working together for a vital bodily function

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Homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes.

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Cell Specialization

Different cells have specific tasks in multicellular organisms.

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Nervous System

Organ system that coordinates body functions via electrical signals.

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Structure leads to function

The way a part is built determines what it does.

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Cell Membrane Composition

The cell membrane is primarily composed of phospholipids and proteins.

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Diffusion Direction

Diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration.

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Active Transport Definition

Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient, from low to high concentration.

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Photosynthesis Location

Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

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Light-dependent Reactions

Light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids within chloroplasts.

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Calvin Cycle Input

The Calvin Cycle uses carbon dioxide to produce glucose.

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Photosynthesis Main Pigment

The main pigment involved in photosynthesis is chlorophyll.

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Photosynthesis Reactants

The reactants of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide and water.

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Photosynthesis Product

Photosynthesis releases oxygen as a byproduct.

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Photosynthesis Energy Source

The energy for photosynthesis comes from sunlight.

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Metabolism

The chemical processes that occur within an organism.

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Cell Size/Number Growth

Living organisms grow by increasing cell size or cell number.

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Organism Response

Organisms respond to environmental stimuli.

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Species Continuation

Reproduction ensures the continuation of the species.

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Cellular Organization

All living things are made of one or more cells.

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Photosynthesis

The process by which organisms make their own food.

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Evolution

The ability to adapt over time.

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Nucleus

The control center of the cell, containing genetic material.

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Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis in the cell.

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Mitochondria

The powerhouse of the cell, producing energy.

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Chloroplasts

Where photosynthesis occurs in plant cells.

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Cell Membrane

Controls what enters and exits the cell.

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Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins.

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Carbohydrates

Macromolecules that provide energy.

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Nucleic Acids

Store genetic information, like DNA.

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Study Notes

Cell Organization: From Cells to Organisms

  • Living things are organized in a hierarchy: cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organisms.
  • Specialized cells form tissues, performing specific functions.
  • Organs are made of multiple tissues working together; organs form organ systems for coordination.
  • The nervous system coordinates using electrical signals; the circulatory system is an example of an organ system.
  • Cells in multicellular organisms are specialized for tasks; the neuron is a basic unit.
  • Tissues like mesophyll in plants are specialized for photosynthesis.
  • Organ systems work together to make up an organism; muscle tissue contracts, causing movement.
  • A breakdown at the cellular level disrupts cell signaling in the nervous system, affecting the entire system.

Characteristics of Life

  • Living organisms share common characteristics: organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, and homeostasis.
  • Homeostasis maintains internal stability despite external changes.
  • Metabolism is the sum of chemical processes in an organism; growth involves increasing cell size or number.
  • Organisms respond to environmental stimuli (light, temperature). Reproduction ensures species survival.
  • All living things are made up of one or more cells; non-living things lack cellular organization.
  • Photosynthesis in organisms like plants and algae makes food from sunlight; this is an example of metabolism difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
  • Heterotrophs consume both organic matter and organisms for energy (animals, fungi); while autotrophs use light or chemical energy to synthesize their food
  • Maintaining blood sugar levels is an example of homeostasis.

Cell Organelles and Functions

  • Organelles in cells perform specific functions enabling cell survival and function.
  • The nucleus controls cell activities containing genetic material.
  • Ribosomes are protein synthesis sites; mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell.
  • Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis in plant cells; the cell membrane regulates what enters and exits.
  • Cytoplasm supports organelle function; the Golgi apparatus packages and distributes proteins and lipids.
  • Lysosomes contain enzymes breaking down cell waste; plant cells have rigid cell walls made of cellulose.
  • The smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces lipids and detoxifies cells..
  • Mitochondria have a folded inner membrane (cristae) producing ATP for cellular respiration, Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll in photosynthesis converting light energy into glucose.
  • A malfunction in mitochondria reduces ATP, affecting cellular functions and overall organism health.

Macromolecules

  • Four essential macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
  • Carbohydrates provide energy; proteins form structure and act as enzymes.
  • Lipids store energy and form membranes; nucleic acids store genetic information.
  • Proteins are made of amino acids, joined by peptide bonds; nucleic acids have nucleotides as monomers.
  • Enzymes are proteins speeding up chemical reactions; mutations in DNA can affect protein structure and function.

Cell Membrane and Membrane Transport

  • The cell membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins; it is selectively permeable.
  • Transport methods include passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (energy-requiring) processes.
  • Diffusion moves molecules from high to low concentration; osmosis is water diffusion across a semipermeable membrane.
  • Active transport uses energy to move substances against their concentration gradient; endocytosis involves engulfing large particles.
  • The fluid mosaic model describes the cell membrane structure; phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis.
  • The glycocalyx helps cells communicate and recognize each other.
  • A failure in membrane transport proteins disrupts nutrient and waste movement, impacting cellular health.

Photosynthesis

  • Photosynthesis converts solar energy to chemical energy (glucose).
  • Occurs in chloroplasts, with light-dependent reactions (thylakoids) and the Calvin cycle (stroma).
  • Outputs are oxygen and glucose; critical for life.
  • Photosynthesis' reactants are carbon dioxide and water; oxygen is released as a byproduct.
  • Light-dependent reactions capture sunlight, producing ATP and NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
  • The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
  • Photosynthesis forms the base of most food chains, providing oxygen and glucose.
  • Most of the mass in a tree comes from carbon in CO2; the Calvin cycle is where carbon is fixed into glucose accumulating most of the tree's mass.

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Description

Explore the fundamental concepts of cell organization and the characteristics that define living organisms. This quiz covers the hierarchy from cells to organ systems, emphasizing the roles of specialized cells and tissues. Understand how homeostasis and coordination among organ systems contribute to life.

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