Cell Organelles Overview

Organelles are specialized structures within eukaryotic cells, each performing specific functions essential for cell survival and operation.
Key cell components include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, cell wall, nucleus, and various organelles.

Cell Membrane
- Acts as the security system, surrounding and protecting the cell.
- Regulates the entry and exit of substances, maintaining homeostasis.
Cytoplasm
- A gel-like matrix where most of the cell's biochemical processes occur.
- Composed of approximately 80% water, providing a medium for chemical reactions.
Cell Wall
- A rigid outer structure found in plant cells, providing shape and protection.
- Composed mainly of cellulose, distinguishing plant cells from animal cells.
Nucleus
- Serves as the control center of the cell, housing genetic material (DNA).
- Surrounded by a nuclear membrane, it orchestrates cell activities by regulating gene expression.

Chloroplasts
- Green organelles present in plant cells that facilitate photosynthesis.
- Capture sunlight energy to synthesize glucose, critical for plant nutrition.
Mitochondria
- Known as the powerhouse of the cell, they store and release energy through cellular respiration.
- Essential for energy production within all eukaryotic cells.

Ribosomes
- Sites of protein synthesis, either floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
- Essential for translating genetic information into functional proteins.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
- Functions as the cell’s railway system, moving materials around.
- Types include smooth ER (lacks ribosomes) and rough ER (with ribosomes for protein synthesis).
Golgi Body
- Functions as the cell's post office, sorting and packaging proteins into vesicles.
- Vesicles transport and deliver substances both within the cell and to the outside environment.

Nucleolus
- Located within the nucleus, responsible for manufacturing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms ribosomes.
Lysosomes
- Function as the cell's waste disposal system by digesting food molecules, waste products, and damaged organelles.
Vacuole
- Serves as a storage compartment for food, water, and waste materials.
- Particularly large in plant cells, resembling a vacuum due to its capacity to store large amounts of substances.

Cytoskeleton
- Provides structural support and helps maintain or change the shape of the cell.
- Composed of a network of fibers that aid in cell movement and organization.

Tissue
- A collection of similar cells working together to perform a specific function, like muscle or nerve tissue.
Organ
- Comprises two or more different tissues collaborating to execute a particular function, such as the heart or liver.