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Questions and Answers
Which process allows molecules to enter cells lining the baby's digestive tract?
Which process allows molecules to enter cells lining the baby's digestive tract?
Sodium ions cannot function as cofactors for enzymes.
Sodium ions cannot function as cofactors for enzymes.
False
What adaptation helps certain African lungfish survive drought and dehydration?
What adaptation helps certain African lungfish survive drought and dehydration?
Slow swelling or shrinking of blood cells
Sodium functions as a __________ for some enzymes involved in ATP hydrolysis.
Sodium functions as a __________ for some enzymes involved in ATP hydrolysis.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What always increases during energy changes in a factory setting?
What always increases during energy changes in a factory setting?
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Heating an enzyme will enhance its activity.
Heating an enzyme will enhance its activity.
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In which cell organelle do living things transform kinetic energy into potential chemical energy?
In which cell organelle do living things transform kinetic energy into potential chemical energy?
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A molecule that mimics the substrate of an enzyme would tend to _____ metabolism.
A molecule that mimics the substrate of an enzyme would tend to _____ metabolism.
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What would happen to a plant cell placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than that of its cytoplasm?
What would happen to a plant cell placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than that of its cytoplasm?
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Match the following processes with their outcomes:
Match the following processes with their outcomes:
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An enzyme is specific, meaning it can function under a variety of environmental conditions.
An enzyme is specific, meaning it can function under a variety of environmental conditions.
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What type of transport would allow water to move across the selectively permeable cell membrane?
What type of transport would allow water to move across the selectively permeable cell membrane?
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What is the primary role of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
What is the primary role of phospholipids in the cell membrane?
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Cholesterol molecules are essential for maintaining membrane fluidity.
Cholesterol molecules are essential for maintaining membrane fluidity.
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Name one mechanism by which a cell moves solute against its concentration gradient.
Name one mechanism by which a cell moves solute against its concentration gradient.
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The process of ___ allows water to move across a selectively permeable membrane.
The process of ___ allows water to move across a selectively permeable membrane.
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Which of the following describes the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
Which of the following describes the function of glycoproteins in the cell membrane?
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What are the three types of endocytosis?
What are the three types of endocytosis?
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Facilitated diffusion does not require energy.
Facilitated diffusion does not require energy.
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What is the primary source of energy used by plants during photosynthesis?
What is the primary source of energy used by plants during photosynthesis?
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Energy can be created and destroyed during photosynthesis.
Energy can be created and destroyed during photosynthesis.
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What type of energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose molecules?
What type of energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose molecules?
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Photosynthesis is considered an _____________ reaction because it consumes energy.
Photosynthesis is considered an _____________ reaction because it consumes energy.
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Match the following processes with their descriptions:
Match the following processes with their descriptions:
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During photosynthesis, what happens to some of the energy from sunlight?
During photosynthesis, what happens to some of the energy from sunlight?
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The products of cellular respiration contain more potential energy than the reactants.
The products of cellular respiration contain more potential energy than the reactants.
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What substance is produced as a result of energy released during cellular respiration?
What substance is produced as a result of energy released during cellular respiration?
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This is a type of passive transport, because the molecules move down a concentration gradient without the expenditure of 21 ______________.
This is a type of passive transport, because the molecules move down a concentration gradient without the expenditure of 21 ______________.
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Which type of diffusion involves transport proteins?
Which type of diffusion involves transport proteins?
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Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy.
Movement against a concentration gradient requires energy.
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What is the process called when a cell engulfs a solid particle?
What is the process called when a cell engulfs a solid particle?
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Taking in a substance in this way is called 25 ______________ more specifically 26 ______________ if the substance is a solid particle.
Taking in a substance in this way is called 25 ______________ more specifically 26 ______________ if the substance is a solid particle.
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What type of reaction is the assembly of ATP?
What type of reaction is the assembly of ATP?
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ATP is a waste product of cellular work.
ATP is a waste product of cellular work.
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What happens to ATP when it undergoes hydrolysis?
What happens to ATP when it undergoes hydrolysis?
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Building a large molecule from smaller parts is an __________ reaction.
Building a large molecule from smaller parts is an __________ reaction.
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Match the types of cellular work with their descriptions:
Match the types of cellular work with their descriptions:
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What is needed to initiate a chemical reaction effectively?
What is needed to initiate a chemical reaction effectively?
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Energy is destroyed when ATP is used for cellular work.
Energy is destroyed when ATP is used for cellular work.
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Some of the energy from ATP is turned into random molecular motion, known as __________.
Some of the energy from ATP is turned into random molecular motion, known as __________.
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Which type of diffusion involves the assistance of transport proteins?
Which type of diffusion involves the assistance of transport proteins?
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Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
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What is the process called when a cell engulfs large substances?
What is the process called when a cell engulfs large substances?
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In which part of the cell do digestive enzymes typically act?
In which part of the cell do digestive enzymes typically act?
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Taking in a solid particle is called 25 ______________ more specifically 26 ______________ if the substance is a solid particle.
Taking in a solid particle is called 25 ______________ more specifically 26 ______________ if the substance is a solid particle.
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The process of exocytosis involves substances moving into the cell.
The process of exocytosis involves substances moving into the cell.
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Study Notes
Exercise (Modules 5.1-5.2)
- Review membrane structure and function by labeling the diagram of the membranes of two adjacent cells
- Label the extracellular matrix (ECM) and a signaling molecule outside the cells
- Label the cytoplasm and a microfilament of the cytoskeleton inside the cells
- Label a phospholipid molecule, a cholesterol molecule, and a glycoprotein in the membranes
- Identify protein molecules carrying out functions like cell-cell recognition, enzymatic activity, transport, intercellular junctions, signal transduction, receptor, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and ECM
- This diagram is slightly different from Figure 5.1
Exercise 2 (Modules 5.3-5.9)
- Diffusion across a membrane: Any spread of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
- Active transport: Moves solute against concentration gradient
- Osmosis: Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
- Passive transport: Diffusion with the help of a transport protein
- Phagocytosis: Engulfing of particle or objects in membrane vesicles
- Pinocytosis: Engulfing of fluid in membrane vesicles
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis: A cell might capture bacteria
- Exocytosis: Fusion of membrane-bound vesicle with membrane, and dumping of contents outside the cell
- Types of Endocytosis: Three types of endocytosis are mentioned.
- Turgor pressure: Causes plant cells to become turgid
- Hypertonic vs Hypotonic. How cells react in different solutions
Exercise 3 (Modules 5.4-5.5)
- Hypertonic solution: Water leaves the cell to equalize the concentration
- Isotonic solution: No net movement of water
- Hypotonic solution: Water enters the cell to equalize the concentration
- Important effect of osmosis: Osmosis plays an important role in living organisms.
Exercise 4 (Modules 5.1-5.9)
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Bionaut mission enters a blood vessel and observes cell membrane structure and function
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Observations are made from the inside of a red blood cell (via a Microtron)
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Cell membranes are made of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, arranged in a bilayer.
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Proteins are embedded in the membrane and can move freely.
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Cell membrane proteins called "tags' are involved in cell recognition.
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Hormones (molecules) bind to cell membrane proteins called receptors, initiating a signaling pathway
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide move across the membrane through diffusion (passive transport)
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Large molecules move into cells through endocytosis
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Large molecules move out of cells through exocytosis
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Water molecules often move across cell membranes rapidly, sometimes helped by special channels (aquaporins)
Exercise 5 (Modules 5.10-5.13)
- Review energy, chemical reaction, and enzyme function
- Organisms require energy to function and maintain their structure. The sun is a primary source of energy for the Earth.
- Photosynthesis involves using sunlight energy to synthesize food molecules (e.g., glucose) from simple inorganic compounds.
- Cellular respiration releases energy stored in food molecules (e.g., glucose), in a process that follows thermodynamic laws.
- Energy changes always involve increasing disorder and converting energy from one form to another
- Photosynthesis stores energy
- Cellular respiration releases energy
- Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions within organisms in a controlled way
- Energy barriers impede reactions unless aided by catalysts
- ATP acts as the main energy currency for biochemical reactions
- ATP hydrolysis releases energy
- Cellular processes (mechanical, transport, and chemical) depend on energy
- ATP is crucial to metabolic reactions
Exercise 6 (Modules 5.10-5.13)
- Kinetic energy is the energy of motion, while potential energy is stored energy.
- Exergonic reactions release energy, while endergonic reactions absorb energy.
- Reactants are substances present at the start of a reaction, and products are substances produced at the end of a reaction.
- ATP stores energy in the high-energy phosphate bonds to do work, while ADP is a low-energy form of the molecule
- How an enzyme speeds up a reaction.
Exercise 7 (Modules 5.14-5.16)
- Review enzyme activity
- Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to proceed.
- Enzymes are specific for the reactants they act upon.
- Substrate binds to the enzyme's active site to catalyze the reaction.
- Enzyme-substrate interactions often result in the formation of a temporary enzyme-substrate complex
- Enzyme shape & structure affects rate of reaction and efficiency of reactions
Additional Exercises (pages 7 & 8)
- Multiple choice questions related to concepts (diffusion, osmosis, enzyme function, etc) presented for self-testing/revision.
- Definitions and concepts from the exercises are included in the notes.
- Additional multiple-choice questions are given to reinforce the study material.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell membranes and the various transport mechanisms as outlined in Modules 5.1 to 5.9. This quiz covers membrane structure, the extracellular matrix, cytoplasmic components, and transport processes like diffusion and active transport. Get ready to label diagrams and identify key components involved in cellular functions.
