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Sexual reproduction is important for survival in changing environments.
Sexual reproduction is important for survival in changing environments.
True
Asexual reproduction is better suited for stable environments.
Asexual reproduction is better suited for stable environments.
True
What are the two types of gametes involved in sexual reproduction?
What are the two types of gametes involved in sexual reproduction?
Eggs and sperm
What biological process is responsible for creating gametes?
What biological process is responsible for creating gametes?
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How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell?
How many chromosomes do humans have in each cell?
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How many chromosomes does a baby inherit from its mother?
How many chromosomes does a baby inherit from its mother?
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All of a woman's eggs are produced before she is born.
All of a woman's eggs are produced before she is born.
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Fraternal twins are always identical.
Fraternal twins are always identical.
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Meiosis produces sperm in males.
Meiosis produces sperm in males.
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The process of ______ is responsible for moving substances in or out of the cell through the cell membrane.
The process of ______ is responsible for moving substances in or out of the cell through the cell membrane.
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Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport?
Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport?
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Diffusion can occur with or without a semi-permeable membrane.
Diffusion can occur with or without a semi-permeable membrane.
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Osmosis is a form of passive transport.
Osmosis is a form of passive transport.
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What is the name of the specialized proteins that facilitate diffusion?
What is the name of the specialized proteins that facilitate diffusion?
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Active transport requires energy input.
Active transport requires energy input.
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Which of the following is a type of active transport that brings substances into the cell?
Which of the following is a type of active transport that brings substances into the cell?
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Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis that takes in nutrients.
Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis that takes in nutrients.
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Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis that takes in fluids.
Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis that takes in fluids.
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What is the name of the process that moves substances out of the cell?
What is the name of the process that moves substances out of the cell?
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What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
What are the main components of the plasma membrane?
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What is the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane?
What is the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane?
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Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in the plasma membrane.
Cholesterol is a type of lipid found in the plasma membrane.
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What is the definition of osmosis?
What is the definition of osmosis?
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Which of the following solutions has the same concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell?
Which of the following solutions has the same concentration of solutes inside and outside the cell?
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Which of the following solutions has a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside?
Which of the following solutions has a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside?
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Which of the following solutions has a higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside?
Which of the following solutions has a higher concentration of solutes inside the cell than outside?
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Endosmosis occurs when a substance is placed in a hypotonic solution.
Endosmosis occurs when a substance is placed in a hypotonic solution.
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
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What are the four elements found in proteins?
What are the four elements found in proteins?
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What type of protein is produced from only one amino acid upon hydrolysis?
What type of protein is produced from only one amino acid upon hydrolysis?
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What type of protein is produced from an amino acid and a non-protein group upon hydrolysis?
What type of protein is produced from an amino acid and a non-protein group upon hydrolysis?
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What type of protein is derived from simple and conjugated proteins?
What type of protein is derived from simple and conjugated proteins?
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What determines the primary structure of a protein?
What determines the primary structure of a protein?
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Secondary structure is often formed by coiling peptides in a zigzag manner.
Secondary structure is often formed by coiling peptides in a zigzag manner.
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Tertiary structure is formed by the folding of polypeptide chains.
Tertiary structure is formed by the folding of polypeptide chains.
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Quaternary structure is formed by the arrangement of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex.
Quaternary structure is formed by the arrangement of multiple folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex.
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What are carbohydrates made up of?
What are carbohydrates made up of?
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What is the simplest unit of carbohydrates?
What is the simplest unit of carbohydrates?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of monosaccharide?
Which of the following is NOT a type of monosaccharide?
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What is formed when two monosaccharides join?
What is formed when two monosaccharides join?
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Polysaccharides are composed of long chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.
Polysaccharides are composed of long chains of monosaccharides linked together by glycosidic bonds.
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What are the main functions of carbohydrates?
What are the main functions of carbohydrates?
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What are nucleic acids composed of?
What are nucleic acids composed of?
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Nucleotides are linked together to form nucleic acids.
Nucleotides are linked together to form nucleic acids.
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What are the two main types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids?
What are the two main types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids?
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Uracil is found in DNA.
Uracil is found in DNA.
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What is the function of the phosphate group in a nucleotide?
What is the function of the phosphate group in a nucleotide?
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What is the function of the sugar molecule in a nucleotide?
What is the function of the sugar molecule in a nucleotide?
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What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
What are the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA?
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What is the function of DNA?
What is the function of DNA?
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DNA is found mostly in the nucleus of cells.
DNA is found mostly in the nucleus of cells.
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What are the three main types of RNA?
What are the three main types of RNA?
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What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
What is the function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?
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What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
What is the function of transfer RNA (tRNA)?
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What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?
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DNA is organized into chromosomes.
DNA is organized into chromosomes.
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RNA plays a vital role in the synthesis of proteins.
RNA plays a vital role in the synthesis of proteins.
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Loss of DNA content is linked to many diseases.
Loss of DNA content is linked to many diseases.
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DNA fingerprinting is a method used to determine paternity.
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to determine paternity.
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DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify criminals.
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify criminals.
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DNA fingerprinting has played a major role in studies regarding biological evolution and genetics.
DNA fingerprinting has played a major role in studies regarding biological evolution and genetics.
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Study Notes
Cell Membrane Transport
- Cell transport mechanisms move materials in and out of cells through the cell membrane.
- Two main categories:
- Passive transport: No energy required; materials move from high concentration to low concentration.
- Active transport: Energy is required; materials move from low concentration to high concentration.
Passive Transport Types
- Diffusion: Molecules move from high to low concentration, potentially across semi-permeable membranes.
- Osmosis: Passive movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a high water concentration to a low water concentration.
- Facilitated diffusion: Molecules move across a membrane through protein channels, still from high to low concentration.
Active Transport Types
- Endocytosis: Cell takes in materials by engulfing them.
- Phagocytosis: Cell takes in solid particles.
- Pinocytosis: Cell takes in liquid particles.
- Exocytosis: Cell expels materials, typically waste products.
Cell Membrane Composition
- Primarily composed of lipids (40%), proteins (55%), and carbohydrates (5%).
- Phospholipids are the most abundant lipids, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
- The cell membrane is also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma
- Maintains cell shape and size.
Meiosis
- Sexual reproduction creates genetically diverse populations, adapting organisms to changing environments, which asexual reproduction cannot achieve.
- Gametes (eggs and sperm) are essential for sexual reproduction.
- Meiosis produces gametes, enabling sexual reproduction, resulting in a more diverse genetic variation than asexual reproduction.
Meiosis in Males
- Human males produce sperm daily.
- Meiosis in male humans produces haploid sperm cells.
Meiosis in Females
- Females have all their eggs produced before birth.
- At puberty, females release an egg monthly.
- Occasionally, two or three eggs are released, leading to fraternal twins or triplets.
Human Chromosomes
- Humans have 46 chromosomes.
- 23 chromosomes from each parent.
- Diploid cells have a full set of chromosomes.
- Gametes (sperm and egg) are haploid, having half the number of chromosomes.
- A zygote produced by fertilization has 46 chromosomes, a full set.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are long chainlike molecules.
- Nucleotides consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell membrane transport mechanisms, including passive and active transport. This quiz covers key types like diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis. Strengthen your understanding of how substances move across cell membranes.
