Cell Membrane Structure and Functions

<p>Facilitate the movement of solutes across the membrane. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary active transport (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occurs until equilibrium is reached. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It does not require ATP directly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equilibrium of particle distribution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (O2) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Color of substance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gated channel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases the kinetic energy of particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Convulsions or paralysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They hinder diffusion due to their larger size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Number of available carriers and rate of conformational change (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isotonic solution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure required to prevent water from moving towards the solution with higher concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Concentration of all particles regardless of diffusibility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cells swell and may undergo hemolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of temperature fluctuations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of non-diffusible solutes in one compartment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibition by competing for the same binding site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locomotion and feeding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They operate along concentration and electrical gradients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It requires a carrier mediated by specific proteins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudopodia formation, digestion, absorption, residual body formation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport does not depend on the concentration gradient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All solutions are electrically neutral with equal numbers of anions and cations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transport is mediated by carrier proteins with specificity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It generates a high K+ concentration inside the cell, which aids cell volume maintenance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They involve ATP hydrolysis directly for ion transport. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure differences across membranes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They raise the levels of diffusible K+ ions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dialysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone increases the activity of pumps. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insulin increases pump activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phagocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SGLT-1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Utilization of energy and microfilaments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synports simultaneously move two different substances in the same direction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintenance of calcium ion concentration in the ICF. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Formation of vesicles to engulf extracellular fluid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The outer layer of a cell, and its organelles, made of a phospholipid bilayer and proteins that controls what enters and exits.

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane without energy input.

Movement of molecules across the cell membrane that requires energy input.

Passive transport where molecules move from high to low concentration.

Passive transport where molecules move through protein channels.

Passive transport of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Active transport where energy directly powers the movement of molecules against the concentration gradient.

Movement of materials across cell membranes, vital for cell function.

Lipid solubility, molecular size/weight, temperature, membrane thickness, surface area, and concentration gradient influence the speed of diffusion.

Lipid-soluble substances (O2, CO2) pass easily, while water-soluble substances (water, urea) have more difficulty.

Proteins embedded in the membrane that regulate the passage of specific ions or molecules.

Difference in the concentration of a substance across a membrane. Higher concentration to lower concentration.

Equation describing the rate of diffusion, considering factors like concentration gradient, permeability, surface area, molecular weight, and membrane thickness.

Conditions resulting from mutations in ion channel genes, affecting muscle and brain function.

Movement of molecules across the membrane facilitated by carrier proteins. These proteins bind to specific molecules and transport them across the membrane.

The maximum rate of transport in carrier-mediated transport. It's reached when all carrier proteins are saturated with molecules, limiting further transport.

Carrier proteins bind to specific molecules, meaning they only transport certain types of molecules. This makes transport selective.

A molecule that resembles the transported molecule competes for the same binding site on the carrier protein, reducing transport efficiency.

A molecule binds to a different site on the carrier protein, changing its shape and hindering transport.

The pressure required to prevent the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. It is proportional to the concentration of solutes in the solution.

A solution with the same osmolarity as the surrounding environment (e.g., plasma). Cells in this solution neither shrink nor swell.

Temporary extensions of the cell membrane used by amoeba and white blood cells for movement and engulfing food.

The process by which cells engulf large particles, such as bacteria, by surrounding them with their cell membrane.

The difference in electrical charge across a membrane, influencing the movement of ions.

Factors like lipid solubility, molecular size, temperature, and membrane thickness influence how easily substances cross a membrane.

A primary active transport system that pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell, maintaining cell volume and electrical gradient.

When all carrier proteins are bound to molecules, further transport is limited even if more molecules are available.

Thyroid hormones stimulate the activity of the Na-K ATPase pump, increasing its activity and impacting membrane potential.

Aldosterone, a hormone involved in electrolyte balance, also increases the activity of the Na-K ATPase pump, contributing to fluid and electrolyte regulation.

Dopamine, a neurotransmitter, inhibits the activity of the Na-K ATPase pump, having a contrasting effect compared to thyroid hormones and aldosterone.

Insulin, a hormone involved in glucose regulation, increases the activity of the Na-K ATPase pump, facilitating glucose uptake into cells.

Oubain and Digitalis inhibit the activity of the Na-K ATPase pump, specifically in cardiac muscle, helping maintain calcium levels for muscle contraction.

A process where the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient is coupled to the movement of another substance down its concentration gradient.

A carrier protein located in the apical membrane of intestinal cells that transports glucose and sodium ions into the cell, driven by the sodium gradient.

Glucose moves across the basal membrane of intestinal cells via facilitated diffusion through the GLUT-2 transporter protein.