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Questions and Answers
During the germinal period, the zygote undergoes rapid cleavage cell divisions.
True
The morula is a solid ball of 16-32 cells formed within 72 hours of fertilization.
True
The blastocyst is formed by the embryoblast, blastocoel, and trophoblast.
True
Implantation occurs 5 to 7 days following fertilization.
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The bilaminar embryonic disk forms from the embryoblast and hypoblast.
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The amnion is derived from trophoblast cells.
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The chorion surrounds all other extraembryonic membranes.
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The allantois develops into the umbilical cord and the urinary bladder.
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The fetal period lasts from weeks 3 to 8.
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The ectoderm develops into the nervous system and the epidermis of the skin.
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The mesoderm develops into muscle, bone, dermis, and blood vessels.
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The endoderm develops into the epithelial lining of the urinary, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems.
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During the fetal period, major organ systems become almost fully developed.
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Genotype refers to the observable expression of a person's genetic makeup.
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Tight junctions allow substances to freely pass between cells.
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Desmosomes are protein links between cells that add strength to sheets of cells.
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Gap junctions are important for the function of cardiac and smooth muscle.
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Epithelial tissue covers the body surface and lines the body cavities.
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Epithelial tissue contains blood vessels.
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Simple epithelium is important for gas, nutrient, and ion exchange.
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Stratified epithelium provides physical, chemical, and biological protection.
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Proteoglycans are the protein fibres found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues.
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Elastin provides stretch and recoil to collagen fibres in connective tissues.
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Ground substance is the unstructured material between cells in connective tissues.
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Adipose tissue is an example of loose connective tissue.
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Dense regular connective tissue has fibres arranged irregularly.
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Superficial fascia is a layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that surrounds organs, muscles, bones, nerves, and blood vessels.
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Cartilage is a vascular tissue that heals slowly.
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Bone matrix is formed of hydroxyapatite and proteoglycans.
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Blood is composed of red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma.
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Study Notes
Germinal Period
- Rapid cleavage cell divisions occur following fertilization.
- A morula, a solid ball of 16-32 cells, forms within 72 hours.
- The blastocyst consists of three components: embryoblast, blastocoel, and trophoblast.
- Implantation into the uterine wall occurs 5 to 7 days post-fertilization.
Embryonic Development
- The bilaminar embryonic disk develops from the embryoblast and hypoblast.
- The amnion is formed from trophoblast cells.
- The chorion envelops all other extraembryonic membranes.
- The allantois transforms into both the umbilical cord and the urinary bladder.
Fetal Period
- Lasts from weeks 3 to 8 of pregnancy.
- During this period, major organ systems approach full development.
Germ Layers Development
- Ectoderm gives rise to the nervous system and epidermis.
- Mesoderm differentiates into muscle, bone, dermal tissue, and blood vessels.
- Endoderm forms the epithelial lining of urinary, digestive, respiratory, and reproductive systems.
Genetic and Cellular Structures
- Genotype refers to the genetic makeup expressed physically.
- Tight junctions facilitate intercellular substance passage.
- Desmosomes strengthen connections between cells, enhancing structural integrity.
- Gap junctions crucial for cardiac and smooth muscle function.
Epithelial Tissue
- Covers body surfaces and lines cavities, but does not contain blood vessels.
- Simple epithelium aids in the exchange of gases, nutrients, and ions.
- Stratified epithelium serves to provide protection against physical, chemical, and biological damage.
Connective Tissue
- Composed of proteoglycans, which are protein fibers in the extracellular matrix.
- Elastin grants elasticity to collagen fibers.
- Ground substance is the amorphous material filling spaces between connective tissue cells.
- Adipose tissue exemplifies loose connective tissue, while dense regular connective tissue features irregularly arranged fibers.
Additional Connective Tissue Facts
- Superficial fascia consists of dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding organs, muscles, bones, nerves, and blood vessels.
- Cartilage is avascular and exhibits slow healing properties.
- Bone matrix comprises hydroxyapatite and proteoglycans.
- Blood consists of red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, serving vital functions in the body.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cell junctions and their functions in this quiz. Learn about tight junctions and desmosomes, and how they contribute to cell structure and function. Explore the role of proteins in maintaining cell connections.
