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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a cellular adaptation to stress?
Which of the following is NOT a cellular adaptation to stress?
Increased functional demand can lead to cellular atrophy.
Increased functional demand can lead to cellular atrophy.
False (B)
What is the process called when one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type in response to stress?
What is the process called when one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type in response to stress?
Metaplasia
Free radicals can cause damage to ______, leading to cellular injury.
Free radicals can cause damage to ______, leading to cellular injury.
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Match the following types of cellular injury with their primary causes:
Match the following types of cellular injury with their primary causes:
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Which of the following is a possible consequence of membrane damage during cellular injury?
Which of the following is a possible consequence of membrane damage during cellular injury?
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Free radicals can only damage DNA, not other cellular components.
Free radicals can only damage DNA, not other cellular components.
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Give one example of an intracellular accumulation that can occur in response to cellular injury.
Give one example of an intracellular accumulation that can occur in response to cellular injury.
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Which of these is NOT a feature of necrosis?
Which of these is NOT a feature of necrosis?
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Increased functional demand is a type of stress that can lead to cellular adaptations.
Increased functional demand is a type of stress that can lead to cellular adaptations.
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What are the two main processes that contribute to the death of cells during necrosis?
What are the two main processes that contribute to the death of cells during necrosis?
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Fatty loading, also known as fatty infiltration, is the accumulation of ______ in tissues not normally associated with them.
Fatty loading, also known as fatty infiltration, is the accumulation of ______ in tissues not normally associated with them.
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Match the following nuclear changes with their descriptions:
Match the following nuclear changes with their descriptions:
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What is the primary reason for cell injury?
What is the primary reason for cell injury?
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Cellular adaptation is always a reversible process.
Cellular adaptation is always a reversible process.
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What are two major categories of cellular response to injury?
What are two major categories of cellular response to injury?
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The accumulation of ______ within cells can be a sign of cellular injury or dysfunction.
The accumulation of ______ within cells can be a sign of cellular injury or dysfunction.
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Match the following types of cellular adaptation with their descriptions:
Match the following types of cellular adaptation with their descriptions:
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Flashcards
Fatty Loading
Fatty Loading
Accumulation of adipocytes in tissues where they are not typically found.
Cellular Responses to Injury
Cellular Responses to Injury
Cells undergo adaptations to stress, including reversible and irreversible injuries.
Necrosis
Necrosis
Death of cells due to denaturation of proteins and enzymatic digestion.
Nuclear Pyknosis
Nuclear Pyknosis
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Cytoplasmic Changes in Necrosis
Cytoplasmic Changes in Necrosis
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Steady State Requirements
Steady State Requirements
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Adequate Metabolites
Adequate Metabolites
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Integrity of Metabolic Pathways
Integrity of Metabolic Pathways
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Intact Membranes
Intact Membranes
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Injurious Agents
Injurious Agents
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Intact Genome
Intact Genome
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Cell Membrane Damage
Cell Membrane Damage
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Free Radicals
Free Radicals
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Metabolic Pathways Disruption
Metabolic Pathways Disruption
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Cellular Adaptations
Cellular Adaptations
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Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy
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Hypoxia
Hypoxia
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Nutritional Imbalances
Nutritional Imbalances
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Study Notes
Cell Injury
- Cell injury is a crucial topic in pathology.
- A healthy steady state depends on adequate metabolites (oxygen, nutrients), intact metabolic pathways (normal enzyme levels), intact membranes and transmembrane proteins, and an intact genome (DNA).
- Injurious agents include hypoxia/anoxia, reoxygenation/reperfusion injury, congenital/chromosomal issues, drugs/chemicals/poisons, physical agents, immune reactions, infectious agents, and nutritional imbalances.
- The targets/sites of cell injury are metabolic pathways, disruption of protein synthesis, respiratory toxins, membrane damage (including free radicals), deficiency of metabolites like glucose/oxygen/hormones, and DNA damage.
- Important subcellular alterations that impact cell injury include lysosomes, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), cytoskeleton, and contractile proteins, along with membrane skeletons.
- Cellular responses to stress (increase/decrease in functional demand) initially involve adaptation: hypertrophy, hyperplasia, atrophy, and metaplasia.
Cellular Adaptations
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Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size.
- This is often seen in muscles (e.g., body builders)
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Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number
- This can be observed in tissues experiencing cellular stress.
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Atrophy is a decrease in cell size and function.
- This can be seen in muscle atrophy, which is a consequence of disuse.
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Metaplasia is a reversible change from one adult cell type to another in response to stress.
Types of Reversible Injury
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Hydrophic/Vacuoar Degeneration
- Failure of Na-K pump leads to intracellular water accumulation.
- Minor degree: cloudy swelling.
- More severe: small clear cytoplasmic vacuoles.
- Example: Renal tubular epithelium (hypokalemia), Liver (viral hepatitis – ballooning degeneration).
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Fatty Change (Steatosis)
- Abnormal fat (triglycerides) buildup within parenchymal cells.
- Common in the liver, heart, and kidneys.
- Causes can include alcoholism, protein-calorie malnutrition, certain medications, diabetes, and inborn metabolic errors.
- Mild change may not affect cell function macroscopically, while more severe changes leads to organ enlargement and a yellow, greasy texture.
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Lipoid Degeneration
- Accumulations of cholesterol and cholesterol esters within histiocytes (e.g., foam cells in the gallbladder).
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Protein accumulations
- Immunoglobulins within plasma cells (e.g. Russell bodies)
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Glycogen/Carbohydrate accumulations
- Occurs in cases of diabetes mellitus or glycogen storage diseases.
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Hyaline degeneration
- The change results in a translucent, homogenous, and structureless, glassy pink appearance on H&E staining.
- Connective tissue origin examples: walls of blood vessels in atrophic organs, senile/sclerosed glomeruli in chronic glomerulonephritis.
- Epithelial origin (intracellular): Mallory’s hyaline in hepatocytes.
- The change results in a translucent, homogenous, and structureless, glassy pink appearance on H&E staining.
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Myxoid degeneration
- Mucopolysaccharide accumulation, often found in mesenchymal tumors.
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Fatty loading (infiltration)
- Adipocytes accumulate in tissues not typically associated with them (e.g., myocardium).
Types of Irreversible Injury
- Necrosis
- Cell death in a living organism is due to protein denaturation and/or enzymatic cell degradation.
- Recognition includes nuclear changes (pyknosis-nuclear shrinkage; karyorrhexis- fragmentation; karyolysis- nuclear fading); and cytoplasmic changes (eosinophilia).
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Description
Explore the critical aspects of cell injury in pathology, including the factors that maintain cell health and the various agents that can cause harm. This quiz covers the mechanisms of injury, cellular responses, and specific alterations that occur within cells. Test your understanding of this fundamental topic in pathology.
