Cell Growth Disturbances and Neoplasia
40 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of cell growth disturbance?

Deviation in the cell size and/or number which constitute a group of pathological conditions varying from complete absence of tissue development (agenesis) to totally unregulated growth (neoplasia).

What are the two main categories of cell growth disturbances?

  • Cancerous and Non-Cancerous (correct)
  • Hereditary and Acquired
  • Physiological and Pathological
  • Adaptive and Non-Adaptive

    • Which of the following is NOT a type of developmental disturbance?

  • Aplasia
  • Metaplasia (correct)
  • Hypoplasia
  • Agenesis

    • Agenesis is the complete absence of an organ or tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of Aplasia?

    <p>Failure of an organ or tissue to develop and its absence from the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Hypoplasia?

    <p>Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Atresia?

    <p>Failure of canalization of a hollow organ (absence or closure of normal opening).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of acquired adaptive disturbance?

    <p>Anaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is atrophy?

    <p>Decrease in size and weight of a tissue or organ due to reduction in size and/ or number of its component parenchymal cells after it has reached its normal mature size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of physiological atrophy?

    <p>Senility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hypertrophy?

    <p>An increase in the size of a tissue or an organ due to an increase in the size of the cells (cellular enlargement) while the number of the cells remain unchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

    <p>Hypertrophy of the skeletal muscle in case of repeated exercise in draft-horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is hyperplasia?

    <p>Abnormal proliferation of normal cells or absolute increase in the number of cells in response to functional demand or other stimuli which leads to increase the size and weight of involved organ or tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperplasia can only occur in organs or tissues composed of cells capable of mitotic division in the post-natal life.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

    <p>Erythroid Hyperplasia in case of reduced atmospheric oxygen tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is metaplasia?

    <p>An adaptive substitution of one type of adult or fully differentiated cell for another type of adult cell of the same category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of epithelial metaplasia?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Connective tissue metaplasia is irreversible.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysplasia?

    <p>Disorder of cellular growth, or abnormal organization or development of cells and tissues usually associated with epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dysplasia is always considered irreversible and a hallmark of neoplastic transformation.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anaplasia?

    <p>The transformation of one type of tissue into another less specialized type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaplasia is typically observed in benign tumors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neoplasia?

    <p>An abnormality of cell growth and multiplication in which the tissue cells proliferate continuously without control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neoplastic cells bear considerable resemblance to the cells from which they arose.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is carcinogenesis?

    <p>The process by which the normal cell is transformed into neoplastic one.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Radiation is a known environmental agent that can cause carcinogenesis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many steps are generally involved in the multistep process of carcinogenesis?

    <p>Three steps: initiation, promotion, and persistence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a known co-factor of carcinogenesis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Benign tumors are typically characterized by slow growth and remain localized.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissue?

    <p>Carcinoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue?

    <p>Sarcoma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carcinomas typically spread through the lymphatic system, while sarcomas typically spread through the bloodstream.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hamartoma?

    <p>A tumor-like malformation composed of a haphazard arrangement of tissues indigenous to the particular site, which is totally benign.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degree of differentiation of a tumor is often reflected in its grade.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of well-differentiated cells in benign tumors?

    <p>Uniformity in size, shape, and nuclear configuration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Undifferentiated cells in malignant tumors often exhibit pleomorphism, hyperchromasia, and increased mitotic figures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a papilloma?

    <p>Proliferation of epithelium into folds creating finger-like projections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an adenoma?

    <p>A benign tumor of glandular epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adenomas can grow in both glandular and solid epithelial organs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A fibroma is a benign tumor of connective tissue.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Disturbance of Cell Growth and Neoplasia

    • Cell Growth Disturbances: Deviation in cell size and/or number, encompassing a range of pathological conditions.
    • Conditions range from absence of tissue development (agenesis) to unregulated growth (neoplasia).
    • Types of Cell Growth Disturbances:
      • Non-Cancerous Disturbances:
        • Developmental Disorders (Hereditary & Congenital): Abnormal germ cell (sperm or ovum), or congenital abnormalities arising after fertilization. Includes conditions like agenesis, aplasia, atresia, and hypoplasia.
        • Acquired Adaptive Disorders: Changes in cell size or number due to adaptation. Includes hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia; as well as atrophy.
        • Acquired Non-Adaptive Disorders: Dysplasia and anaplasia (disorganization and abnormality in cell structure).
      • Cancerous Disturbances (Neoplasia): Uncontrolled, abnormal cell growth and multiplication.

    Causes of Congenital Anomalies

    • Both genetic and environmental factors are responsible.
    • Some inherited disorders may or may not have a known genetic history.
    • Nutritional factors
    • Exposure to radiation
    • Chemical exposure (drugs, etc.).
    • External (environmental) agents acting on the developing fetus. These are known as teratogens.
    • Infections, potentially transmitted from the mother during early gestation, can be a concern.
    • Increased maternal age is a risk factor.

    Specific Developmental Disturbances

    • Agenesis: Complete absence of an organ or tissue.
    • Aplasia: Failure of an organ or tissue to develop, potentially with abnormal tissue growth in the affected area.
    • Hypoplasia: Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ.
    • Atresia: Failure of canalization of a hollow organ (absence or closure of a normal opening).

    Acquired Adaptive Disturbances

    • Atrophy: Decrease in size and weight of a tissue or organ due to decreased cell size/number. Can be physiological (senility, etc) or pathological.
    • Hypertrophy: Increase in size and weight of a tissue or organ due to increased cell size only. Can be adaptive compensatory response or hormonal.
    • Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ. Can be Physiological (compensatory, hormonal) or Pathological (irritative).
    • Metaplasia: Adaptive substitution of one type of adult cell for another, potentially in response to environmental factors. Can be epithelial (squamous or glandular) or connective tissue (osseous or cartilaginous).

    Acquired Non-Adaptive Disturbances

    • Dysplasia: Abnormal, disorganized cellular growth in tissues, commonly associated with epithelium. Often considered precancerous.
    • Anaplasia: Severe cellular dedifferentiation; loss of cellular structure and function; often considered a hallmark of severe cancers.

    Neoplasia (Cancerous Disturbances)

    • Neoplasia: Uncontrolled, abnormal cell growth and multiplication, forming a new tissue.
    • Oncology: The scientific study of neoplasms or tumors.
    • Factors of carcinogenesis (oncogenesis): Genetic predisposition, environmental factors (chemicals,radiation,etc.), infections, and others.
    • Types of carcinogens: Chemical, physical (radiation), viral, and others.
    • Factors influencing malignant tumor growth or spread can include: Age, hormones, race, diet, trauma, personal habits.

    Classification and Nomenclature of Tumors

    Types of tumors are described according to:

      • Morbid anatomy (clinical classification).
      • Degree of differentiation, or tumor grade.
      • Origin of cell type, or histogenetic classification
      • Specific cell products/markers.

    Microscopic Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors

    • Benign Tumors: Cellular uniformity, normal cytology, and little or no mitotic activity.
    • Malignant Tumors: Cellular variability (pleomorphism), high mitotic activity, and loss of differentiation, high N:C ratio (nuclear to cytoplasm ratio).

    Additional Important Characteristics of Cancer Development

    • Local spread: cancer cells spreading to surrounding tissues.
    • Metastasis: cancer cells spreading to distant sites via lymphatic or blood vessels.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Disturbance of Cell Growth PDF

    Description

    Explore the various types of cell growth disturbances, ranging from hereditary and congenital disorders to adaptive and non-adaptive changes. This quiz covers both non-cancerous conditions and the mechanisms behind neoplasia, or uncontrolled cell growth. Understand the complexities of cell development and the implications of these disturbances.

    More Like This

    Cell Growth Factors Quiz
    6 questions

    Cell Growth Factors Quiz

    DeservingNourishment avatar
    DeservingNourishment
    Biology Chapter 5 - Cell Growth and Division
    27 questions

    Biology Chapter 5 - Cell Growth and Division

    MarvelousPascal avatar
    MarvelousPascal
    Cell Growth and Atrophy Quiz
    19 questions

    Cell Growth and Atrophy Quiz

    FlexibleHilbert2844 avatar
    FlexibleHilbert2844
    Disturbances of Growth in Biology
    24 questions

    Disturbances of Growth in Biology

    NeatHouston933 avatar
    NeatHouston933
    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser